Respiratory system

7. Hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide; one of the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
9. The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells as bicarbonate ions move out.
11. Stretch reflexes that prevent overexpansion of the lungs by inhibiting inspiration when the lungs are fully inflated.
14. The additional volume of air that can be inhaled forcefully after a normal inhalation.
15. The additional volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation.
16. Sensors located in the aorta and carotid arteries that detect changes in blood pressure.
18. The sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume, representing the air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation.
20. A condition where blood pH drops below the normal range due to excess carbon dioxide (CO2) or hydrogen ions (H+).
21. Receptors in the lungs that respond to changes in lung volume, helping to regulate breathing by preventing over-inflation of the lungs.
22. The total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation; includes tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
23. Specialized baroreceptors that monitor blood pressure changes in the carotid arteries and aorta, helping to regulate respiration and heart rate.
24. Sensory receptors that detect changes in the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, regulating respiratory rate.

1. A type of hemoglobin found in fetuses that has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin.
2. Describes how the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility in the liquid.
3. Hemoglobin bound to oxygen; the primary form of oxygen transport in the blood.
4. An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid.
5. A condition where blood pH rises above the normal range due to low levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) or hydrogen ions (H+),.
6. Groups of neurons located in the brainstem (medulla oblongata and pons) that control the rate and depth of breathing.
8. A by-product of carbon dioxide transport in the blood; crucial for maintaining pH balance.
10. States that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.
12. The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation, preventing lung collapse.
13. The total volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute, calculated by multiplying respiratory rate by tidal volume.
17. The maximum volume of air the lungs can hold, including vital capacity and residual volume.
19. The phenomenon where an increase in carbon dioxide concentration and acidity (lower pH) reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.