Across
- 1. A reaction that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings.
- 5. States that matter cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.
- 9. Religious communities that preserved books and knowledge while spreading Christianity beyond the Alps.
- 11. Birthplace of Islam and site of the Kaaba, Islam’s holiest city.
- 12. Specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
- 18. A social and political system where lords granted land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and service.
- 21. A large desert in northern China and southern Mongolia that influenced early Chinese trade routes.
- 24. Japanese leader who adopted Chinese writing and Confucian ideas in Japan’s constitution.
- 25. The ability to cause change or do work.
- 27. Capital city whose strategic location preserved Greco-Roman culture and trade.
- 33. Process that changes substances into new substances with different properties.
- 34. A network of trade routes linking China to the Mediterranean that flourished under Mongol rule.
- 36. Smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties.
- 37. Japan’s native religion focusing on ritual purity and belief in Kami, or nature spirits.
- 39. The Chinese dynasty whose reunification helped spread Buddhist beliefs.
- 40. A combination of substances where each keeps its own properties.
Down
- 2. Organelle that breaks down food to release energy for the cell.
- 3. A storyteller and historian who preserved West African history through oral tradition.
- 4. The warrior class that served feudal lords in Japan’s military society.
- 6. The eastern continuation of the Roman Empire that preserved Christianity and Greek learning.
- 7. Thin, flexible barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
- 8. The force exerted by particles as they collide with container walls.
- 10. Grandson of Genghis Khan who completed the conquest of China and ruled the Yuan Empire.
- 13. The core practices of Islam including faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage.
- 14. The Mongol leader who united nomadic tribes and began vast conquests across Asia.
- 15. Storage area within a cell that holds water, food, or waste.
- 16. West African city that became a center of trade, scholarship, and culture under Mali’s rule.
- 17. Chinese admiral whose sea voyages under the Ming Dynasty expanded China’s trade and influence.
- 19. The philosophy that shaped education, behavior, and government during the Song Dynasty.
- 20. The basic unit of structure and function in living things.
- 22. Rigid outer layer that provides support and protection in plant cells.
- 23. Jellylike substance that holds organelles in place inside the cell.
- 26. A reaction that releases heat energy into its surroundings.
- 28. Two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
- 29. Control center of the cell that contains DNA.
- 30. Byzantine emperor known for his code of laws and architectural achievements like Hagia Sophia.
- 31. Organelle in plant cells that captures sunlight to make food.
- 32. King of Mali famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca and support of Islamic learning.
- 35. Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
- 38. Organelle that contains enzymes to break down waste materials.