Across
- 2. erosion: erosion by a river on the outside of a meander channel. It eventually leads to the widening of the valley and the formation of the flood plain.
- 6. course: the section of the river near the sea, where deposition is the most important process and the valley becomes wider and flatter.
- 7. Spurs: As the river descends from the highland, it begins to meander between spurs which interlock down the valley.
- 9. the slope of the river profile, steep close to the source and gradually becoming more gentle until the river reaches sea level.
- 13. some rocks such as limestone are subject to chemical attack and slowly dissolve in the water.
- 15. a smaller river that joins a larger one.
- 17. the speed of the water flow.
- 18. Plain: the wide, flat floor of a river valley. It consists of sediments (alluvium) deposited by the river.
- 19. a bend in a river. The outside of the meander has the fastest flow and deepest water.
- 22. Weathering: also called frost-shattering as it occurs in cold climates when temperatures are often around freezing point and where exposed rocks contain many cracks. Water enters the cracks during the warmer day and freezes during the colder night. As the water turns into ice it expands and exerts pressure on the surrounding rock, causing pieces to break off.
- 24. the river moves material as bedload, suspended load or dissolved load (in solution). Bedload can be moved by saltation or traction.
- 25. Lake: a meander which has been cut off from the main river channel and abandoned.
- 28. Load: very small and light material, usually fine clay and silt, transported by the river in suspension.
- 30. rock particles (clay, silt, sand and gravel) deposited by a river.
- 31. Valley: a deep v-shaped valley is usually found in the upper course of the river where the water has considerable erosive power.
- 34. The settling out of suspended particles from a body of water (or in some cases, very fine particles settled from the air or blown by the wind).
- 36. see Drainage Basin.
- 37. Holes: holes eroded in the solid rock of a river channel. They are drilled by pebbles caught in eddies in the river.
- 39. the wearing away of the bed and banks of the river channel by abrasion, hydraulic action, solution and attrition.
- 43. Bar: also known as Slip-Off Slope.
- 45. The particles are knocked about as they are transported, and they gradually become more rounded and reduced in size.
- 47. an important factor in river erosion and deposition.
- 48. Valley a river valley widened and deepened by the action of glaciers (ice sheets); they become ‘U’-shaped instead of the normal ‘V’-shape of a river valley.
- 49. Cliff: created on the outside of a meander bend by the erosive effect of fast-flowing water.
- 50. the pebbles being transported wear away the bed and banks of the river channel.
- 52. the tidal mouth of a river, with large, flat expanses of mud exposed at low tide.
- 54. where a river starts, usually in the mountains.
- 55. river embankments built by deposition as the river floods.
- 56. Course: the section of the river between the mountains and the lowland, where transport of eroded material is important and the river begins to cut sideways due to the reducing gradient.
Down
- 1. Basin: the land that is drained by a river and its tributaries.
- 3. the break-down or decomposition of rock by biological, physical or chemical processes.
- 4. the point at which rivers meet.
- 5. material rolled along the bed of the river.
- 8. the amount of water passing a specific point at a given time. This become larger downstream as a result of the joining of many tributaries. It is calculated as: cross-sectional area x velocity, and measured in cubic metres per second (m³/sec).
- 10. a narrow neck of highland extending into a river valley, often forming the divide between two tributaries.
- 11. increases downstream, a result of being joined by a number of tributaries.
- 12. see Solution.
- 14. Pool: the deep pool below a waterfall.
- 16. the material carried by a river by being bounced or rolled along its bed.
- 20. Size: range from clay (0.001mm), through silt, sand, gravel, pebbles, cobbles and boulders (500+mm).
- 21. found where the river meets a band of resistant rock and usually precede a waterfall.
- 23. where a river ends, at a lake or the sea.
- 26. Slope: forms on the inside of a meander bend as a result of deposition in the slower flowing water.
- 27. high nitrate levels combined with phosphates cause excessive plant and algae growth, a deteriorating process that results in loss of oxygen and the biological death of the river.
- 29. finger-like river channels which branch away from a main river channel in a delta.
- 32. a river mouth choked with sediment causing the main channel to split into smaller branching channels or distributaries. The name originates from the Greek for the delta's 'D'-like shape.
- 33. the material transported by a river as bedload, suspended load or dissolved load (in solution).
- 35. the highland separating one river basin from another.
- 38. Action: The sheer force of the water by itself can erode material from the bed and banks of the river channel.
- 40. material bounced along the bed of the river.
- 41. a steep-sided, narrow rocky valley marking the retreat of a waterfall.
- 42. the cross-section of the river, from its source to its mouth, concave in shape.
- 44. Level: the mouth of the river and the point where the gradient becomes zero. No further erosion is possible during normal river flow at this point.
- 46. form where the river meets a band of softer rock after flowing over an area of more resistant material. Waterfalls progressively cut back, leaving a gorge.
- 51. Weathering: the disintegration of rock into smaller pieces without any chemical change in the rock; this is most likely in areas of bare rock where there is no vegetation to protect the rock from extremes of weather e.g. freeze-thaw and exfoliation (or onion weathering).
- 53. Course: the mountain stage of a river with steep gradients and much erosion.