Across
- 1. a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s.
- 3. American industrialist; he developed a steel plow to ease difficulty of turning thick soil on the Great Plains.
- 5. a social reform effort that began in the mid-1800s and promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background.
- 6. American inventor; he patented an improved sewing machine and by 1860, was the largest manufacturer of sewing machines in the country.
- 7. a Union Civil War victory that turned the tide against the confederates at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
- 10. a political party formed in the 1850s to stop the spread of slavery in the West.
- 12. the rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation.
- 15. American Educator, he is considered the father of American public education. He was a leader of the common-school movement, advocating education for all children.
- 16. American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.
- 18. the act of formally withdrawing from the Union.
- 20. an antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that showed northerners the violent reality of slavery and drew many people to the abolitionists' cause.
- 21. a proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the United States by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the Senate.
- 22. 16th president of the United States, he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln-Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union.
- 23. Henry Clay's proposed agreement that allowed California to enter the Union as a free state and divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty.
- 25. a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to remove seeds from short-staple cotton; revolutionized the cotton industry.
- 27. Virginia town where General Robert E. Lee was forced to surrender, thus ending the Civil War.
- 28. American philanthropist and social reformer, she helped change the prison system nationwide.
- 29. American reformer, she planned the Seneca Falls Convention with Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
- 30. the use of water powered textile mills that employed young, unmarried women in the 1800s.
- 32. a region stretching from South Carolina to east Texas where most U.S. cotton was produced during the mid-1800s
- 33. a social reform effort begun in the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol.
- 36. First and only president of the Confederate States of America after the election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the secession of many southern states.
- 39. an agency established by Congress in 1865 to help poor people throughout the South.
- 40. Confederate efforts to use the importance of southern cotton to Britain's textile industry to persuade the British to support the Confederacy in the Civil War.
- 42. cloth
- 43. a period of religious evangelism that began in the 1790s and became widespread in the United States by the 1830s.
- 44. American journalist and reformer; he published the famous antislavery newspaper, the Liberator, and helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society, promoting immediate emancipation and racial equality.
- 47. a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery.
- 49. a rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves in Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families.
- 50. a machine perfected by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1832 that uses pulses of electric current to send messages across long distances through wires.
- 51. a secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that sued terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.
- 52. an end to slavery.
- 53. a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by the Confederates in April 1861, sparking the Civil War.
- 54. American evangelist and reformer, she was born an enslaved African but was later freed and became a speaker for abolition and women's suffrage.
- 55. an incident in which abolitionist John Brown and 21 other men captured a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hope of starting a slave rebellion.
- 56. a Union victory in the Civil War that marked the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. military history.
- 57. American woman suffrage leader, she organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott.
- 58. a process developed by Eli Whitney in the 1790s that called for making each part of a machine exactly the same.
Down
- 2. a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places.
- 4. an order issued by President Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863.
- 8. a speech given by Abraham Lincoln in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War.
- 9. American soldier, he refused Lincoln's offer to head the Union Army and agreed to lead Confederate forces. He successfully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union's commander General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.
- 11. the nation formed by the southern states when they seceded from the Union; also known as the Confederacy.
- 13. a law that enforced segregation in the Southern states.
- 14. American social reformer, she was active in the temperance, abolitionist, and women's suffrage movements and was co-organizer and president of the National Woman Suffrage Association.
- 17. the period following the Civil War during which the U.S. government worked to reunite the nation and to rebuild the southern states.
- 19. American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat.
- 24. American artist and inventor, he applied scientists' discoveries of electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph, which soon sent messages all across the country.
- 26. American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which led to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and services.
- 31. an incident in which abolitionist John Brown and seven other men murdered pro-slavery Kansans.
- 34. 18th President of the United States, he received a field promotion to lieutenant general in charge of all Union forces after leading a successful battle.
- 35. a statement written and signed by women's rights supporters at the Seneca Falls Convention; detailed their beliefs about social injustice against women.
- 37. the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written.
- 38. a system developed by Samuel Slater in the mid-1800s in which whole families were hired as textile workers and factory work was divided into simple tasks.
- 41. a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders.
- 45. American abolitionist who escaped slavery and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape; she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the Moses of her people.
- 46. a type of war in which an army destroys its opponent's ability to fight by targeting civilian and economic as well as military resources.
- 48. Enslaved African who filed suit for his freedom stating that his time living in a free state made him a free man; the Supreme Court ruling known as the Dred Scott decision upheld slavery and found the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.