Across
- 2. rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface
- 4. way in which heat travels by the movement of liquids or gases. It is the transfer of internal energy into or out of an object by the physical movement of a surrounding fluid that transfers the internal energy along with its mass
- 7. is a type of tectonic plate boundary where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally.
- 9. folded rock formations that have an upwards convex shape
- 10. geologic process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge
- 11. a magnitude or range value that describes an event or object that is measurable
- 16. a map that shows all the major plate tectonics
- 17. state of reduced metabolic activity adopted by many organisms under conditions of environmental stress
- 18. (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other
- 21. fractures in the Earth's crust where two blocks of rock slide past each other horizontally, with minimal vertical movement. This horizontal motion typically occurs along plate boundaries, and the friction between the rocks can lead to earthquakes
- 22. engaging or ready to engage in physically energetic pursuits
- 24. steep depressions in the deepest parts of the ocean
- 27. the base or the floor of the ocean which is deep down the surface of water visible to us
- 28. it describes the lateral movement of rock surfaces against each other, often caused by intense pressure under the earth's crust.
- 29. force per unit area within materials that arises from externally applied forces, uneven heating, or permanent deformation
- 31. Landform that rises prominently above its surroundings
- 32. Extinction occurs when there are no more individuals of a particular species alive anywhere in the world.
- 33. a series of ocean waves generated by the displacement of a large volume of water, often caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides
- 36. molten or partially molten rock that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet or a moon onto its surface
- 37. is a planar or gently curved fracture in the rocks of Earth’s crust, where compressional or tensional forces cause relative displacement of the rocks on the opposite sides of the fracture
- 38. is a decrease in volume of any object or substance resulting from applied stress
- 39. long depression of Earth’s surface
- 40. sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks.
Down
- 1. Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide
- 3. geological process where layers of rock are bent or warped
- 5. Force along the length of a medium
- 6. geological fault where the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall due to extensional forces
- 8. large-scale horizontal movements of continents relative to one another and to the ocean basins during one or more episodes of geologic time
- 10. are vibrations generated by an earthquake, explosion, or similar energetic source and propagated within the Earth or along its surface
- 12. is one of the larger continuous masses of land
- 13. is defined as molten or partially molten rock from which igneous rocks form
- 14. The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust. The mantle is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick, and makes up a whopping 84 percent of Earth’s total volume.
- 15. seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics, underwater zipper-like mountains
- 19. sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies
- 20. is a well-substantiated explanation of an aspect of the natural world.
- 21. a fold of rock layers that slope upward on both sides of a common low point.
- 23. a type of fault in geology where the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall due to compressional forces.
- 25. Tectonic plates are rigid sections of the Earth's lithosphere that move over the semi-liquid asthenosphere.
- 26. refers to substances that are in a liquid state due to intense heat
- 30. is an area on Earth over a mantle plume or an area under the rocky outer layer of Earth, called the crust, where magma is hotter than surrounding magma. The magma plume causes melting and thinning of the rocky crust and widespread volcanic activity.
- 34. refers to the size or extent of something, and there are several uses of the term in different scientific fields.
- 35. materials that consist of two or more chemically and physically different phases separated by a distinct interface.