Across
- 1. the powdery residue left after the burning of a substance.
- 9. extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface
- 12. the outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere that makes up the planet's continents and continental shelves
- 14. a mountain formed by the eruption of magma from the Earth's crust, where molten rock (lava) cools and accumulates around a vent
- 16. The location where two plates meet
- 18. a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes
- 19. the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
- 20. a dense, destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing downslope at great speed.
Down
- 2. the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate.
- 3. an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean
- 4. forms when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies
- 5. This occurs when plates move towards each other and collide
- 6. a volcano formed from oceanic oceanic convergence
- 7. a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.
- 8. hot volcanic rock below ground
- 10. a mountain or hill with a crater that spews hot rock, vapor, smoke and lava.
- 11. a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth
- 13. the outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere that is found under the oceans and formed at spreading centres on oceanic ridges, which occur at divergent plate boundaries.
- 15. mixtures of water, volcanic ash, tephra, rock fragments, and chunks of ice that can flow like wet concrete
- 17. the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur.