Scientific, Political, and Political Developments of the 18th Century

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  1. 6. This French philosopher and mathematician emphasized the importance of skepticism and deductive reasoning in acquiring knowledge
  2. 9. This art style rejected the darker colors asymmetry of Baroque art and revisited the styles of Greece, Rome, and the High Renaissance; Jacques-Louis David was one of its most famous artists
  3. 11. This theory that four of these were the causes of disease was originally developed by the ancient thinker Galen
  4. 12. This idea of personal freedom was one of the rights that thinker John Locke believed all men should have
  5. 15. These were kings and queens like Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria who wanted to implement new, liberal ideas about power without allowing popular involvement in the government
  6. 19. The Enlightenment thinker Denis Diderot wrote the first example of this type of text which aimed to make all knowledge available to as many people as possible
  7. 21. This Scottish thinker gave the world one of the first truly modern theories of economics; he argued that free trade was a fundamental economic principle
  8. 23. Paracelsus helped develop the first modern versions of this way to treat diseases based on chemistry
  9. 24. This law of attraction in science was developed by Isaac Newton; it explained why the planets stayed in orbits around the sun
  10. 25. This mathematician used equations to explain the motions of objects in the world; he used these to developed three laws of motion
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  1. 1. This theoretical idea of the nature of government as being a kind of legal agreement between people was developed by theorists like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau
  2. 2. This Dutch painter embodied the Northern emphasis on exquisite detail; he often used very bright and expensive pigments in his paintings
  3. 3. This scientific field was dominated by the ideas of the ancient thinker Ptolemy throughout the Middle Ages.
  4. 4. this thinker wrote and illustrated the first comprehensive textbook of anatomy
  5. 5. This French term in economics was developed by the physiocrats who wanted government to “let the people do as they choose.”
  6. 7. This new type of literature which gave a long prose account of main characters reflected the Enlightenment emphasis on the individual; it soon became the most common type of literature.
  7. 8. This novel by the French thinker Voltaire expressed many Enlightenment ideas, like skepticism of religion, through sometimes bitter and dark humor
  8. 10. This is the power of the mind to think logically; it was heavily emphasized in the Enlightenment
  9. 13. This astronomer proved the Copernican theory by observing moons orbiting Jupiter
  10. 14. This Dutch painter was a master of oil painting but became less popular as he experimented with new styles later in life;
  11. 15. The astronomer Johannes Kepler was the first to realize that the orbits of the planets were not circles but this shape instead
  12. 16. Francis Bacon was called the father of this theory that knowledge is primarily derived through sensory experience
  13. 17. One of the most important Enlightenment philosophers, this French thinker emphasized the role of personal experience in his novel Emile.
  14. 18. This theoretical idea of the early character of humankind was discussed by theorists like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
  15. 20. These rooms in great houses were another of the places, like coffeehouses, where the ideas of the Enlightenment were freely discussed
  16. 22. This type of reasoning is crucial in modern science; an early proponent of it was Francis Bacon