Across
- 4. The right to challenge a potential juror without disclosing the reason for the challenge.
- 6. A written order issued by a judicial officer or grand jury requiring an individual to appear in court and to give testimony or to bring material to be used as evidence.
- 12. Any information having a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame.
- 14. The power of a court to review actions and decisions made by other agencies of government.
- 15. A formal written accusation submitted to the courts by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony.
- 16. A sentencing model of criminal punishment that includes determinate and commission created presumptive sentencing schemes, as well as voluntary/advisory sentencing guidelines.
- 17. The two-sided structure under which American criminal trial courts operate that pits the prosecution against the defense.
- 18. Evidence that, if believed, directly proves a fact.
- 21. A plea of “no contest.”
- 22. A low-level court that focuses on quality-of-life crimes that erode a neighborhood’s morale, that emphasizes problem solving rather than punishment, and that builds upon restorative principles like community service and restitution
- 24. Something that is not based upon the personal knowledge of a witness.
- 25. The court authorized by law to hear the final appeal on a matter.
- 29. The examination of a convicted offender’s background before sentencing.
- 34. A model of criminal sentencing that holds that criminal offenders deserve the punishment they receive at the hands of the law and that punishments should be appropriate to the type and severity of the crime committed
- 35. A sentencing principle that holds that an offender’s criminal history should objectively be taken into account in sentencing decisions
- 36. The act of taking revenge upon a criminal perpetrator.
- 37. The money or property pledges to the court or actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody
- 38. The setting of bail in the form of land, houses, stocks, or other tangible property
- 41. The movement of a trial or lawsuit from one jurisdiction to another or from one location to another within the same jurisdiction.
- 43. In criminal proceedings, the examination in court of the issues of fact and relevant law in a case for the purpose of convicting or acquitting the defendant.
- 46. The circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that may be considered to reduce the blameworthiness of the offender.
- 47. A sentencing principle, based upon concerns with social equality, that holds that similar crimes should be punished with the same degree of severity, regardless of the social or personal characteristics of the offenders
- 48. A goal of criminal sentencing that attempts to make the victim “whole again.”
- 49. A sentencing principle that holds that the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed.
- 51. The circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that make it more grave than the average instance of that crime.
Down
- 1. An elected or appointed public official who presides over a court of law and who is authorized to hear and sometimes to decide cases and to conduct trials
- 2. In criminal proceedings, a defendant’s formal answer in court to the charge contained in a complaint, information, or indictment that he or she is guilty of the offense charged, is not guilty of the offense charged, or does not contest the charge
- 3. An attorney whose official duty is to conduct criminal proceedings on behalf of the state or the people against those accused of having committed criminal offenses.
- 5. A sentencing model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by good time or gain time.
- 7. A sentencing model of criminal punishment that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences
- 8. An organized program that offers services to victims of crime in the areas of crisis intervention and follow-up counseling and that helps victims secure their rights under the law.
- 9. A proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters must be decided: (1) whether a crime was committed, (2) whether the crime occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, and (3) whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime
- 10. The territory, subject matter, or people over which a court or other justice agency may exercise lawful authority, as determined by statute or constitution.
- 11. A formal, written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense
- 13. The oral evidence offered by a sworn witness on the witness stand during a criminal trial.
- 19. The imposition of a criminal sanction by a judicial authority.
- 20. One of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served in sequence with the other sentence.
- 23. A structured sentencing scheme that allows no leeway in the nature of the sentence imposed.
- 26. The attempt to reform a criminal offender. Also, the state in which a reformed offender is said to be.
- 27. A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced by making an example of the person sentenced
- 28. Strictly, the hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case in which the identity of the defendant is established, the defendant is informed of the charge and of his or her rights, and the defendant is required to enter a plea
- 29. The degree to which a particular item of evidence is useful in, and relevant to, proving something important in a trial.
- 30. A person who has special knowledge and skills recognized by the court as relevant to the determination of guilt or innocence
- 31. Evidence that requires interpretation or that requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based upon what the evidence indicates.
- 32. The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that an offender will commit future offenses.
- 33. The lawful authority of a court to review a decision made by a lower court
- 34. A member of a trial or grand jury, selected for jury duty and required to serve as an arbiter of the facts in a court of law.
- 35. The type of deterrence that has a goal of criminal sentencing to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality
- 39. The type of jurisdiction that gives the court the lawful authority to hear or act upon a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts.
- 40. A goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to inhibit criminal behavior through the fear of punishment.
- 41. One of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served at the same time.
- 42. The process of negotiating an agreement among the defendant, the prosecutor, and the court as to an appropriate plea and associated sentence in a given case.
- 44. The court officer whose duties are to keep order in the courtroom, to secure witnesses, and to maintain physical custody of the jury.
- 45. An eyewitness, character witness, or any other person called upon to testify who is not considered an expert.
- 50. Evidence consisting of physical material or traces of physical activity.