Across
- 2. A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one accompanies a decrease in the other, i.e. higher scores on one variable correspond with lower scores on the other
- 3. A research method in which a single instance, e.g. one person, family, or institution, is studied in detail
- 4. A question format in questionnaires, interviews, or test items that produce quantitative data. They have only a few, stated alternative responses and no opportunity to expand on answers
- 5. How widely findings apply, e.g. to other settings and populations.
- 8. Trying to present oneself in the best light by determining how to respond to the task in a way that would be most acceptable to other people, rather than to the researcher
- 9. A researcher who does not become involved in the situation being studied
- 10. Items put into a questionnaire, interview, or test to disguise the aim of the study by hiding the important questions among irrelevant ones so that participants are less likely to work out the aims and then alter their behaviour
- 12. The role of the observer is obvious to the participants
- 13. An interview format in which most questions (after the first one) depend on the respondent's answers. A list of topics may be given to the interviewer
- 14. A research method, such as a questionnaire or interview, which obtains data by asking participants to provide information about themselves
- 15. A research method that looks for a relationship between two measured variables. A change in one variable is related to a change in the other (although these changes cannot be assumed to be casual)
- 19. A study in which the observer records only a limited range of behaviors
- 20. An interview format using questions in a fixed order that may be scripted. Consistency might also be required for the interviewer's posture, voice, etc, so they are standardized
- 22. A study conducted by watching the participant's behavior in their normal environment without interference from the researchers in either the social or physical environment
- 23. A research method using verbal questions asked directly, using techniques such as face to face or telephone
- 25. A question format in questionnaires, interviews, or test items that produces qualitative data. Participants give full and detailed answers in their own words, that is, no categories or choices are given
- 27. The consistency between two researchers watching the same event, i.e. whether they will produce the same records
- 28. An interview format using a fixed list of open and closed questions. The interviewer can add more questions if necessary
- 29. A link between two variables such that a change in one variable is responsible for (i.e. causes) the change in the other variable, such as in an experiment
- 30. A researcher who watches from the perspective of being part of the social setting
Down
- 1. A self-report research method that uses written questions through a "paper and pencil" or online technique
- 6. The two measured variables in a correlation
- 7. A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one accompanies an increase in the other, i.e. the two variables increase together.
- 11. The extent to which two researchers interpreting qualitative responses in a questionnaire (or interview) will produce the same records from the same raw data.
- 16. The effect of an individual's personal viewpoint on, for example, how they interpret data. Interpretation can differ between individual researchers as a viewpoint may be biased by one's feelings, beliefs, or experiences, so it is not independent of the situation
- 17. A study in which the observer records the whole range of possible behaviors, which is usually confined to a pilot stage at the beginning of a study to refine the behavioral categories to be observed
- 18. The activities recorded in an observation. They should be operationalized (clearly defined) and should break a continuous stream of activity into discrete recordable events. They must be observable actions rather than inferred states
- 21. When different techniques, e.g. observations, interviews, and tests, are used to study the same phenomenon. If they produce similar results, this suggests the findings are valid
- 24. The role of the observer is not obvious, e.g. because they are hidden or disguised
- 26. The impact of an unbiased external viewpoint on, for example, how data is interpreted. Interpretation is not affected by an individual's feelings, beliefs, or experiences, so it should be consistent between different researchers.