Simple Machines

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Across
  1. 1. A spiral shape, such as the threads on a screw or a coil.
  2. 5. The time period before written records existed.
  3. 7. The strengthening or increasing of a force (or power).
  4. 9. of Energy: A principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed; in machines, work output is always equal to or less than work input.
  5. 10. An original, preliminary model of something from which other forms are developed or copied [1.4.7 (contextualized in design)].
  6. 11. To supply water to land or crops to help growth, often using tools to lift water [1.1.4 (contextualized in, though not explicitly defined, often requiring simple machines like Archimedes screw)].
  7. 14. Plane: A flat, sloped surface (or ramp) connecting lower and higher elevations, used to raise objects with less effort over a longer distance.
  8. 15. Simple Machines
  9. 17. (Wheel and Axle): A simple machine consisting of a wheel attached to a smaller cylindrical rod (axle), used to reduce friction or multiply force by turning them together.
  10. 19. A rigid bar or beam that pivots on a fixed point (fulcrum) to move a load, increasing or decreasing the force needed to do work.
  11. 20. A machine or apparatus, such as a pulley system, used for lifting or lowering heavy loads.
  12. 22. A person engaged in the study of fundamental questions, such as Archimedes, who formulated the principles of machines.
  13. 24. The fixed pivot point around which a lever rotates.
  14. 25. Complex human societies with advanced social, technological, and architectural developments.
  15. 26. A naturally occurring solid material from which metal or valuable minerals can be extracted.
Down
  1. 1. & Contextual Terms
  2. 2. Based on theory or calculation rather than practical application; in this context, it often refers to "ideal" performance without friction.
  3. 3. A wheel with a grooved rim, often used with a rope or chain, designed to lift loads and change the direction of force.
  4. 4. A type of hoist or winch, often a cylinder rotated by a handle, used to lift heavy weights by winding a rope or chain onto it.
  5. 6. The constraints or restrictions of a tool, such as the space it requires or the maximum load it can lift.
  6. 8. Relating to large, enduring structures or monuments, often requiring significant engineering (e.g., pyramids).
  7. 12. Clever, original, and inventive, describing the design of early, effective machines.
  8. 13. A portable inclined plane, often triangular, used to separate, cut, or secure objects by converting a downward force into a sideways force.
  9. 16. A period in European history (14th-17th century) marked by a revival of classical learning, including the formal study of mechanics.
  10. 18. The resistance force that occurs when one surface or object moves over another.
  11. 21. & Engineering Concepts
  12. 23. Advantage: The ratio of the output force exerted by a machine to the input force applied to it; it represents the factor by which a machine multiplies force.