Across
- 1. Penalties or rewards for behavior that aligns with or deviates from societal norms.
- 5. The changes in societies and cultures over time, often driven by technological, economic, and social shifts.
- 10. A small system or group that represents or reflects a larger society or environment.
- 12. A series of actions or behaviors that are performed in a prescribed order, often tied to social or religious significance.
- 15. The theoretical agreement among individuals to form a society and abide by its rules and norms.
- 20. The psychological discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs or attitudes.
- 22. A sociologist whose work focused on class struggle, capitalism, and economic theory.
- 24. The act of using others for personal gain, typically seen in capitalist systems where workers are underpaid.
- 25. A theory focusing on the role of symbols and language as core elements of social interaction.
- 27. A theory that multiple groups, beliefs, and interests coexist and influence each other in society.
- 28. Mechanisms, strategies, and institutions that regulate individual behavior in society.
- 29. Small, tightly-knit groups within larger social structures that share common interests or identities.
- 32. Treating abstract concepts or social constructs as if they were real or tangible.
- 33. The imposition of one culture’s values, practices, or beliefs over others, often through colonization or globalization.
- 34. The process of renovating urban neighborhoods, often displacing lower-income residents.
- 36. A system in which rewards and positions are given based on individual merit, such as ability and effort.
- 38. A theory that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
- 41. A qualitative research method where sociologists immerse themselves in the social settings they study.
- 42. A social position or rank within a society that carries certain rights and responsibilities.
- 43. A theory that suggests human interactions are based on the exchange of resources and benefits.
- 44. An object or behavior that signifies one’s social status.
- 45. The hierarchical arrangement of individuals into different social categories such as class, race, or gender.
Down
- 2. The creation and implementation of new ideas, practices, or technologies that address social problems.
- 3. The tension experienced when an individual faces conflicting demands from different roles.
- 4. The belief that social and economic inequalities are natural and reflect the survival of the fittest.
- 6. The stress or pressure experienced when an individual has difficulty fulfilling the demands of a single role.
- 7. A state in which an individual or group is excluded from social interaction or communication.
- 8. A movement that challenges traditional social theories, emphasizing relativism and skepticism toward grand narratives.
- 9. The theory that social environments and structures determine human behavior.
- 11. A framework that examines how multiple social identities (e.g., race, class, gender) intersect and shape individual experiences.
- 13. The process by which individuals or groups become part of society through shared values, roles, and norms.
- 14. The spread of cultural beliefs, practices, and items from one group to another.
- 16. A perspective in sociology that examines gender inequality and advocates for social change to improve the status of women.
- 17. The degree of unity or connection between members of a society or group.
- 18. The increasing interconnectedness of the world through trade, communication, and cultural exchange.
- 19. A generalized belief or assumption about the characteristics of a group or individual.
- 21. Capital Resources derived from social networks and relationships that facilitate cooperation and access to opportunities.
- 23. The larger system or universe that is often studied in sociology to understand social structures.
- 25. The way individuals define themselves in relation to the groups to which they belong.
- 26. Government programs designed to provide financial support to individuals in need, particularly the elderly and disabled.
- 30. The idea that individuals are born as a "blank slate" and develop their identities through experience and socialization.
- 31. The idea that a person’s beliefs and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture.
- 35. The dominance of one culture over others, often maintained through cultural institutions.
- 37. A founding sociologist known for his study of social cohesion, suicide, and functionalism.
- 39. The capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices.
- 40. Consciousness The shared beliefs and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.