Soil Formation and Erosion

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Across
  1. 3. The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem
  2. 5. The process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments
  3. 7. An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other
  4. 9. The formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth’s mantle to the surface
  5. 13. The sum of the processes that build up and break down the lithosphere
  6. 15. A vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava
  7. 17. Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure
  8. 20. Igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground
  9. 22. An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction
  10. 24. The permeability of soil depends on its texture. Sand, with its large, loosely packed particles, drains quickly
  11. 25. A fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth’s crust
Down
  1. 1. An area where plates move toward one another and collide
  2. 2. The sudden movement of Earth’s crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at Earth’s surface
  3. 4. A mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground
  4. 6. The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion
  5. 8. The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
  6. 10. Rock formed directly from magma
  7. 11. The removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore
  8. 12. The geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes
  9. 14. Rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth
  10. 16. An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other
  11. 18. Precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere
  12. 19. The loss of some or all of a soil’s ability to support plant growth
  13. 21. Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments
  14. 23. Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m below the surface of Earth