Across
- 1. The process by which a foreign power establishes control and settlements in new lands.
- 3. The act of traveling through unfamiliar territory to discover and map new lands.
- 4. People born in Spain who occupied the highest social status in the colonies.
- 5. Spaniards who were granted control over Indigenous labor and tribute under the encomienda system.
- 7. People forcibly taken from Africa and enslaved in the Americas to work on plantations and mines.
- 9. People of mixed Spanish and Indigenous ancestry in colonial society.
- 10. A large agricultural estate or ranch where laborers often worked in perpetual debt to the landowner.
- 13. A system of rotational forced labor imposed on Indigenous communities by Spanish colonial authorities.
- 15. The act of taking control of a territory or people by force, often involving war.
- 16. A deadly infectious disease that devastated Indigenous populations after European contact.
Down
- 1. A Spanish soldier-explorer who led military expeditions and claimed lands in the Americas.
- 2. The three main motivations—religion, fame, and wealth—that drove Spanish exploration and conquest.
- 6. A military strategy in which an army surrounds and cuts off supplies to a fortified place to force surrender.
- 8. The original peoples of the Americas who lived there before European conquest.
- 11. A group of territories or peoples controlled by one central ruler or government.
- 12. People of full Spanish descent who were born in the Americas rather than Spain.
- 14. A Spanish colonial system granting colonists the right to demand tribute and labor from Indigenous communities.