Across
- 5. Thin, flat cells forming a single layer in alveoli and capillaries, reducing diffusion distance for rapid gas exchange (9,10,5)
- 8. Structural feature that increases the rate of absorption in root hair cells (5,7)
- 10. Organelles containing chlorophyll that absorb light energy for photosynthesis in palisade cells (12)
- 12. Organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes for digesting pathogens during phagocytosis (10)
- 13. Motile structure that propels sperm cells towards the egg (9)
- 14. Cells with a flagellum, many mitochondria and an acrosome, adapted for movement towards and penetration of the egg (5,5)
- 15. Plant cells with long extensions and thin walls, increasing surface area for water absorption by osmosis and mineral ion uptake by active transport (4,4,5)
Down
- 1. Paired epidermal cells with unevenly thickened walls that change shape when turgid or flaccid to regulate gas exchange and water loss (5,5)
- 2. Shape that increases surface area to volume ratio and shortens diffusion distance in red blood cells (9)
- 3. Elongated leaf cells packed with chloroplasts near the upper surface, maximising light absorption and reducing diffusion distance for carbon dioxide (8,9,5)
- 4. White blood cells with a multi lobed nucleus and many lysosomes, enabling movement through capillary walls and phagocytosis of pathogens (11)
- 6. Nuclear structure allowing neutrophils to squeeze through capillary walls during diapedesis (4,5)
- 7. Red blood cells with a biconcave shape and no nucleus, maximising surface area and space for haemoglobin in oxygen transport (12)
- 9. Structural feature that provides more space for haemoglobin in erythrocytes (2,7)
- 11. Cells lining the airways with surface cilia whose coordinated beating moves mucus and trapped pathogens (7,10,5)