Across
- 1. one of a pair of sounds that are different by just one phonetic feature
- 4. the minimal unit of meaning, the smallest unit of language that carried a semantic interpretation
- 5. Phonology this theory is an expansion of the Distinctive Features Theory but includes additional concepts including underlying representation, surface forms, and phonological rules
- 6. Theories these theories emphasize the hierarchical relationships that exist across production units, including speech segments, syllables, and words. These theories include: Metrical Phonology, Feature Geometry, Optimality Theory, and Gestural Phonology (or Articulatory Phonology)
- 7. a mark added to a phonetic character to indicate some form of a modification
- 11. the basic sound segment that has the linguistic function of distinguishing morphemes
- 14. the influence of phonetic context on speech production
- 16. stops, fricatives, and affricates because they have a complete, or narrow, constriction of the vocal tract
- 19. a speech sound with an intense friction noise like the sibilants but that also includes /f/ and /v/
- 21. a modified stop, in which a rapid flapping motion of the tongue tip contacts the alveolar ridge
- 23. sounds formed from an inflowing air-stream
- 24. a sound that occurs after a vowel
- 25. unit of speech consisting of at least a vowel, which may be surrounded by one or more consonants
Down
- 2. a nondistinctive phonetic variant for a phoneme
- 3. Theory this theory believes that the development of speech sounds is learned through contingent reinforcement and stimulus-response, and is shaped through infants babbling by mature speakers in the environment
- 8. Theory this theory emphasizes the child’s individual active learning process as important for phonological development, and explains that a child will discover the structure of language by forming and testing hypotheses about the language system; also known as Cognitive Theory
- 9. prosody characteristics that bridge across phonetic segments
- 10. Feature Theory this theory emphasizes the development of “feature contrasts” not individual speech sounds
- 11. Theory this theory addresses perception and input, views children as active learners, and emphasizes the perception of whole words as early word productions
- 12. Phonology this theory was developed to explain children’s phonological acquisition and states that children are born with a set of natural phonological process that reflect their developing speech motor systems
- 13. sounds that have the same place of articulation
- 15. a speech sound with an intense, high-pitched noise
- 17. involved the suprasegmental characteristics of intonation, stress patterns, loudness variation, pausing and rhythm
- 18. different usage patterns in terms of pronunciation, vocabulary and/or grammar within the same language
- 20. a sound that occurs before a vowel
- 22. sounds formed from an outflowing stream
- 24. the study of sound systems of language; the structure and function of sounds in language