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1. Effect: The apparent change in the frequency of waves (such as sound or light) due to the relative motion between the source and the observer.
6. Distance Ladder: A series of methods and techniques used by astronomers to measure distances to celestial objects, with each step building upon the previous one.
7. Candle: An astronomical object with a known and consistent luminosity, used to estimate the distances to other objects based on their observed brightness.
9. The process by which atomic nuclei are formed through nuclear reactions, often occurring during the early stages of the universe.
10. Bang: The prevailing cosmological model that explains the origin of the universe from an extremely hot and dense state, followed by rapid expansion.

2. The apparent shift or displacement of an object's position when viewed from different lines of sight, often used to measure the distance to nearby stars.
3. Law: A fundamental relationship that describes the velocity of recession of galaxies from an observer, stating that the velocity is directly proportional to the distance of the galaxy.
4. Gas Clouds: Ancient clouds of gas composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, considered remnants from the early universe.
5. Background Radiation: Faint microwave radiation permeating the universe, considered residual energy from the Big Bang, and used as evidence for the theory.
8. The shift of light towards longer wavelengths, indicating that an object is moving away from an observer, commonly used to measure the expansion of the universe.