stem modification

4. a horizontal underground stem that becomes enlarged at its growing tips due to the accumulation of stored food, commonly starch
6. remain at the ground level and produce aerial shoots that rise above the soil
10. a green, flattened or cylindrical one that resembles a leaf
13. short underground stem with a fleshy base with leafy scales
17. found above the ground and perform varied functions
18. distinctly visible in endodermal cells
19. is a thickened underground stem that has distinct nodes and internodes and scaly leaves at the nodes
20. the outermost layer of the cortex. It is formed of 4 to 5 cell thick layer of collenchymatous cells
21. short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant that serves as a food storage organ to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions

1. a modification of the phylloclade where it contains one or more internodes
2. stem modifications appear as hard, woody and sharp outgrowths that protect the plant
3. consists of thin-walled parenchymatous cells with intercellular spaces
5. grows parallel to the ground and has a creeping stem with long internodes
7. similar to the stolon but it grows obliquely upwards and gives rise to a new plant
8. consists of the complex tissues xylem and phloem which carry water and nutrients up and down the length of the stem
9. made up of a single row of compact barrel-shaped cells without intercellular spaces
11. modified axillary buds which become fleshy and rounded due to the storage of food
12. run parallel to the ground and give off roots at certain intervals or nodes
14. The epidermis is a single layer of cells that make up the external tissue of the stem called dermal tissue
15. are slender, twining strands that enable a plant to seek support while climbing on other surfaces
16. similar to a runner but arises from the lower part of the main axis