Studies

5. A term used by Hobb and Dunningham to describe how globalisation has changed the nature of gangs which now have international links but crime is still rooted in a local context.
6. A cause of crime identified by left realists.
8. A type of subculture that arises in areas with high population turnover which prevents a stable criminal network developing.
11. Examined how the Chechen mafia "franchised" its operations other groups and the Chechen mafia became a brand.
12. A subculture identified by Cloward and Ohlin. This type of subculture allows an apprenticeship onto the criminal career ladder.
13. Argued criminals make a calculation based on costs and benefits.
15. Left realist thinker who worked with Jock Young. Argued relative deprivation leads to crime.
16. A left realist cause of crime. Suggests those who do not have a voice commit more crimes.
18. A criticism of environmental and situational crime prevention- crime moves to other areas.

1. Worked with Wilson on the "Broken Windows" study which was influential in environmental crime prevention.
2. Researched the impact of situational crime prevention in a New York bus terminal.
3. Subcultural theorist who argued the lower class have a different set of values from the mainstream which leads to deviant subculture.
4. A right realist thinker who argued crime is increasing due to a growing underclass.
7. The type of subculture people join if they are not successful in joining a gang or becoming a gang leader. According to Cloward and Ohlin these are "double failures."
9. A sociologist who found that the global criminal economy is worth £1 trillion per annum.
10. A right realist explanation of crime put forward by Wilson et al that suggests personality traits lead to crime e.g. risk-taking.
13. Argued boys suffer status frustration in school and they resolve this by joining delinquent subcultures.
14. A neo-marxist who argued globalisation has created crime at both ends of the spectrum (rich and poor).
16. Criticised subcultural theories for ignoring drift.
17. A project in a pre-school that examined the impact of social and community crime prevention.