Across
- 2. Sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action
- 3. A general statement derived from a hypothesis that has withstood sufficient testing.
- 4. Magnetism, An area of historical geology devoted to studying the direction and intensity of magnetic fields in the past, as discerned from the residual magnetization of rocks.
- 5. The science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it
- 6. A very large expanse of sea, in particular each of the main areas into which the sea is divided geographically.
- 9. One of two principal forms of tectonism, the other being epeirogenesis. Derived from the Greek words for mountain and origin, this involves the formation of mountain ranges by means of folding, faulting, and volcanic activity. These processes play a major role in plate tectonics
- 11. In early geologic time, a supercontinent that incorporated almost all the landmasses on Earth.
- 14. The thick, dense layer of rock, approximately 1,429 mi. (2,300 km) thick, between Earth's crust and its core.
- 15. American, The tectonic plate that contains south America
- 16. The outer solid part of the earth, including the crust and uppermost mantle. The lithosphere is about 100 km thick, although its thickness is age-dependent (the older lithosphere is thicker).
- 17. The planet on which we live
- 18. The deformation of the lithosphere.
- 19. The tectonic plate containing mostly ocean
- 21. Sensing, The gathering of data without actual contact with the materials or objects being studied.
- 23. The study of tectonism, including its causes and effects, most notably mountain building.
- 26. Ridge, An underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (chains), typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics.
- 30. A tectonic process that results when plates converge and one plate forces the other down into earth's mantle. As a result, the subducted plate eventually undergoes partial melting.
- 31. The tectonic plate that Africa is on
- 34. A branch of the earth sciences that combines aspects of geology and physics. It addresses the planet's physical processes as well as its gravitational, magnetic, and electric properties, and the means by which energy is transmitted through its interior.
- 36. A term describing a phenomenon whereby certain materials are subject to a form of decay brought about by the emission of high-energy particles or radiation.
- 37. Trench, A deep depression in the ocean floor caused by the convergence of plates and the resulting subduction of one plate.
- 38. A linear zone where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart.
Down
- 1. A form of stress produced by a force that acts to stretch a material.
- 2. Upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding apart from broad undulations
- 7. An abbreviation used by earth scientists, meaning "million years."
- 8. A mountain or hill having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapour, and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth's crust
- 10. The tectonic plate that India and Australia are on
- 12. American, The tectonic plate that North America is on
- 13. The tectonic plate that Antarctica is on
- 20. A weak point in the Earth's crust and upper mantle where the rock layers have ruptured and slipped. They are caused by earthquakes, and earthquakes are likely to reoccur on pre-existing faults.
- 22. A large natural elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level; a large steep hill.
- 23. motion, A tectonic process whereby plates slide past each other. It is one of the three ways, along with convergence and divergence, that plates interact.
- 24. An area of rock that has been bent by stress.
- 25. Geology, The study of Earth's physical history. Historical geology is one of two principal branches of geology, the other being physical geology.
- 27. The tectonic plate that contains Europe and Asia
- 28. Spreading, A process of plate tectonics where new oceanic crust is created as large slabs of the Earth's crust split apart from each other and magma wells up to fill the gap.
- 29. Large movable segments of the lithosphere.
- 32. drift, The theory that the configuration of Earth's continents was once different than it is today; that some of the individual landmasses of today once were joined in other continental forms; and that these landmasses later separated and moved to their present locations.
- 33. Plate Boundary, The border between two plates
- 35. tectonics, The theory that the Earth's crust and upper mantle (the lithosphere) is broken into a number of more or less rigid, but constantly moving, segments or plates