Terms from Music in Western Culture

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  1. 1. A style of vocal music that was developed in the early Christian church, characterized by a monophonic texture, free rhythm, and a modal melody.
  2. 4. A vocal composition that is typically polyphonic and features a sacred or secular text.
  3. 5. A publicly funded music education program in Venezuela, founded in 1975 by economist and musician Jose Antonio Abreu, that provides free music education and orchestral training to children from impoverished communities.
  4. 7. Clara Schumann was a German pianist and composer who lived from 1819 to 1896. She was one of the most renowned pianists of the Romantic period and composed works for piano, chamber ensembles, and orchestra.
  5. 14. A musical form that features a recurring main theme, called the refrain, that alternates with contrasting sections.
  6. 15. A term coined by musicologist Christopher Small to describe the activity of making music, which includes not only the performance of music but also the listening, dancing, and social interactions that take place during musical events.
  7. 17. A musical genre that combines singing, instrumental music, and theatrical elements to tell a story. Operas can be serious or comic and are typically performed with elaborate sets and costumes.
  8. 19. Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist who lived from 1770 to 1827. He is considered one of the most important composers in Western art music history and is known for his expressive and innovative compositions.
  9. 20. The way in which different musical parts are combined in a piece of music. Texture can be classified as monophonic, homophonic, or polyphonic, and can have a significant impact on the overall sound and mood of a composition.
  10. 23. The group of people who listen to a musical performance. The audience is an essential part of the musical experience, as their reactions and responses can influence the performers and shape the atmosphere of the event.
  11. 25. The ability to perform music with exceptional technical skill, artistry, and expressive power. A virtuoso is a musician who possesses extraordinary technical abilities and is able to execute difficult passages with ease.
  12. 26. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian composer who lived from 1756 to 1791. He is considered one of the greatest composers of all time and is known for his operas, symphonies, and chamber music.
  13. 27. Franz Liszt was a Hungarian composer, pianist, and conductor who lived from 1811 to 1886. He is considered one of the greatest pianists in the history of Western art music and is known for his virtuosic performances and innovative compositions.
  14. 28. Sergei Rachmaninoff was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor who lived from 1873 to 1943. He is known for his expressive melodies, rich harmonies, and virtuosic piano writing.
  15. 30. A palace complex located in Versailles, France, that was built by King Louis XIV in the 17th century. Versailles was a center of musical activity during the Baroque period, and its lavish musical productions reflected the opulence and grandeur of the French court.
  16. 31. A book, article, or other written work that details the life and career of a musician or composer. Music biographies can provide valuable insight into the cultural and historical context of a particular musical period or genre.
  17. 34. A type of establishment that was popular in the Western United States in the 19th century. Saloons often featured live music, and were an important venue for the development of Western folk music and country music.
  18. 36. Anna Lapwood is a British musician, conductor, and broadcaster who is known for her work in promoting women in music.
  19. 37. The technique of combining multiple melodic lines in a musical composition. Counterpoint is an essential aspect of Western art music and can be heard in a wide range of musical genres and styles.
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  1. 2. A choral composition that is typically performed at a funeral or memorial service. Requiems can be performed in a variety of styles and can feature soloists, choir, and orchestra.
  2. 3. A period in Western art music history that lasted from approximately 1750 to 1820, characterized by a focus on clarity, balance, and simplicity in musical composition.
  3. 4. A choral composition that is typically based on the text of the Roman Catholic Mass. Masses can be performed in a variety of styles and can feature soloists, choir, and orchestra.
  4. 6. A period in Western art music history that lasted from approximately 1600 to 1750
  5. 8. A compositional technique that involves the use of notes outside of the traditional diatonic scale. Chromaticism is often used to create dissonance and tension in music.
  6. 9. A large-scale orchestral composition consisting of multiple movements, typically four, that are linked thematically and vary in tempo, mood, and key.
  7. 10. Jean-Baptiste Lully was a French composer and court musician who lived from 1632 to 1687. He is known for his contributions to the development of French opera and his use of the French overture style.
  8. 11. A musical form that is commonly used in the first movement of a sonata or symphony. Sonata form typically consists of an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation.
  9. 12. A musical form in which a theme, called the subject, is introduced and then imitated by other voices in a contrapuntal manner.
  10. 13. The quality of sound produced by a particular instrument or voice. Timbre is determined by a variety of factors, including the shape and size of the instrument or vocal tract, and can be used to distinguish between different instruments and voices.
  11. 16. Louis XIV was a French king who ruled from 1643 to 1715. He was a patron of the arts and played an important role in the development of French Baroque music.
  12. 18. A chamber music ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello. The string quartet is one of the most important and enduring genres of chamber music and has been popular since the Classical period.
  13. 21. A period in Western art music history that lasted from approximately 1820 to 1900, characterized by a focus on emotional expression, individualism, and the supernatural.
  14. 22. Music composed and performed in Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to the 15th century. Medieval music is characterized by its use of Gregorian chant, polyphonic vocal music, and secular songs and dances.
  15. 24. Gustav Mahler was an Austrian composer and conductor who lived from 1860 to 1911. He is known for his symphonies, which are characterized by their large scale, complex structures, and emotional intensity.
  16. 29. A system of scales used in Western music, characterized by a set of pitch relationships and a distinctive pattern of whole and half steps. The two most common modes are the major and minor modes.
  17. 32. A musical form that is typically used as the third movement of a sonata or symphony. Scherzos are characterized by their playful and lively rhythms.
  18. 33. Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician who lived from 1685 to 1750. He is considered one of the greatest composers of all time and is known for his intricate counterpoint, complex harmonies, and expressive melodies.
  19. 35. Niccolò Paganini was an Italian violinist and composer who lived from 1782 to 1840. He is considered one of the greatest virtuosos in the history of Western art music and is known for his innovative techniques and showmanship.