Across
- 3. European ideas influencing Rizal’s reformist thought
- 7. Filipino males forced into unpaid colonial labor
- 8. European transformation influencing global trade and ideas
- 11. Priest executed for alleged sedition under Spanish rule
- 12. Social weakness criticized by Rizal and reformists
- 14. Society stratified by race, religion, and colonial norms
- 17. Nationalist thinker shaped by 19th-century colonial realities
- 18. Colonial land system exploiting Filipino labor
- 19. Asian commodities driving European imperial expansion
- 20. Canal that shortened travel between Europe and the Philippines
Down
- 1. Spanish authoritarian rule excluding Filipinos from power
- 2. Trade system linking Philippines, Mexico, and Spain
- 4. Colonial economy burdened by tribute, polo, and friar estates
- 5. Educated Filipinos exposed to liberal ideas in Europe
- 6. Treaty dividing early Spanish and Portuguese empires
- 9. Religious orders dominating land, politics, and education
- 10. Native elite serving Spanish colonial administration
- 13. Novel exposing friar abuses and colonial injustice
- 15. Historian who wrote extensively on Rizal
- 16. Century of colonial reform, resistance, and nationalism