Test 2

1. / [Italian, “obstinate”] Any musical figure (it can be a particular melody, motive, chord, or rhythm) that is repeated over and over.
4. / A commercial fusion of country and rock and roll (or rhythm and blues) performed by white musicians in the 1950s and 1960s. Its promotion is widely associated with Sam Phillips at Sun Records.
6. / A high, soprano-like voice produced by an adult male. It can also refer to an unnaturally high voice produced by a female.
8. / An industry term that covers a broad range of popular music marketed to young, white audiences since the 1950s. This term includes the early subgenre of rock and roll but extends beyond it as well (both chronologically and stylistically).
11. / A solo piano form with roots in the blues tradition. It is distinguished by a driving ostinato in the left hand while the right hand plays higher-sounding ornamental figures. All of this takes place over the twelve-bar blues form.
12. / This refers to blues as recorded between the 1920s and 1930s. It was a period dominated by female blues singers, including Gertrude “Ma” Rainey and Bessie Smith.
13. / A white, rural music tradition of the southeastern United States. It bears some stylistic relationships to traditional oldtime music but is characterized by virtuosic performances on the acoustic instruments—fiddle, mandolin, banjo, guitar, and bass—that make up a typical ensemble.

2. / A standard pattern of chord changes applied to each stanza of text in blues lyrics. The pattern of chords is I-IV-I-V-I (where I is the tonic, IV is the subdominant, and V is the dominant in any key).
3. / In hip hop (or rap) music, a technique that creates a percussive effect by spinning a vinyl record on a turntable at normal speed in one direction and then rubbing it rhythmically in the opposite direction at various speeds and intervals of time.
5. / A musician's performance or recording of a familiar song that was originally written for and recorded by another.
7. / A yodel is a vocal technique in which a long-held note is varied in pitch by flipping quickly between a high falsetto and a lower, normal singing voice.
9. / A marketing term for what was known as hillbilly music in the southern United States. The term was applied as this music grew in popularity beyond its original geographical limits. It was later designated “country music.”
10. / White singers who were promoted in the 1960s as the wholesome, clean-cut, new face of rock. They were carefully crafted to capitalize on an emerging teen market to which the music industry was intent on catering.
13. / A brief instrumental interlude that occurs in an ensemble piece. It is often an improvised solo passage in a work for a group of instruments.
14. / An urban African American musical style that emerged in the late 1970s. It is characterized by rhymed, spoken lyrics over a rhythmic background.