The Americas

4. Old World disease that killed large numbers of Indigenous Americans.
7. Mesoamerican empire centered in Tenochtitlán, known for tribute systems and advanced engineering.
8. Queen of Spain who, along with King Ferdinand, sponsored Christopher Columbus’s 1492 voyage
11. The successful 1791–1804 revolt of enslaved Africans in Haiti against French colonial rule
13. Religious groups spreading Christianity
14. Powerful Indigenous empire in South America known for roads, terracing, and centralized government.
15. Floating gardens used by the Aztecs for agriculture.
17. European empire that conquered large parts of the Americas and spread language, religion, and control.
19. Old World animal that transformed Native American transportation and warfare.
20. Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire in Mexico
21. System in which a state or people pays money, goods, or labor to a more powerful state as acknowledgment of submission or for protection.
22. Old World disease that killed large numbers of Indigenous Americans.

1. Spanish colonial system granting settlers the right to demand labor and tribute from Indigenous people in exchange for “protection” and Christian teaching.
2. Transfer of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds.
3. Latin American leader who led independence movements against Spanish rule in South America.
5. Precious metal mined in the Americas that increased European wealth and fueled global trade.
6. Indigenous people of North America (800–1600 CE) known for building large earthen mounds
7. The 1775–1783 war in which the thirteen American colonies fought for independence from British rule
9. Labor system used by the Inca and later the Spanish, requiring communities to provide workers for public projects like mining and roads.
10. Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individual rights, and questioning traditional authority.
12. Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.
16. Capital city of the Aztec Empire built on a lake island.
18. New World crop that improved European nutrition and population growth.