Across
- 1. cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized
- 4. protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached
- 6. the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions
- 8. form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy
- 9. membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer
- 10. second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell
- 11. difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions
- 13. membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances
- 17. describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types
- 19. change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA
- 20. endocytosis of large particles
- 22. describes a substance or structure repelled by water
- 24. family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin
- 25. enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication
- 30. difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions
- 32. complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript
- 33. first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born
- 35. chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- 36. phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1 phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase
- 39. region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene
- 41. molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule
- 43. diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane
- 48. one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes
- 51. embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body
- 52. process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA
- 55. import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle
- 56. lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components
- 58. membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell
- 59. enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis
- 61. describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration
- 62. describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility
- 65. consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule
- 66. condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)
- 68. one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions
- 69. describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types
- 70. molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence
- 71. diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein
Down
- 2. one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle
- 3. nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein
- 5. first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes
- 7. non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing
- 12. final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei
- 13. final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells
- 14. entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis
- 15. enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication
- 16. division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed
- 18. describes a substance or structure attracted to water
- 21. contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves
- 23. process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript
- 26. active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product
- 27. coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane
- 28. process of duplicating a molecule of DNA
- 29. describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration
- 31. form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy
- 34. describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration
- 37. describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type
- 38. fluid in the cytosol of cells
- 40. fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body
- 42. export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle
- 44. all cells of the body excluding gamete cells
- 45. consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid
- 46. third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase
- 47. fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels
- 49. breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action
- 50. stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs
- 53. consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid
- 54. describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell
- 57. progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase
- 60. one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing
- 62. third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell
- 63. endocytosis of fluid
- 64. describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent
- 66. movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
- 67. life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells