Across
- 4. The rebuilding of war torn southern states so they could be readmitted into the Union after the Civil War.
- 10. An anti-slavery novel. The novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U.S., and is said to have "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War.
- 12. A military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.
- 15. A plant such as tobacco or cotton which was grown to be sold for money – not grown for food, like corn or wheat
- 17. The southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861
- 18. The Southern economy depended on this
- 19. A branch of the military using ships to conduct warfare
- 20. The color of the military uniforms worn by Union soldiers
- 24. Any of the southern states in which slavery was legal prior to the American Civil War
- 27. Manufacturing goods from raw materials, such as cloth from cotton or machine parts from iron
- 30. The leader of the of the Union (northern) troops during the American Civil War, and the 18th president of the United States who served from 1869 to 1877
- 32. A planned slave revolt by abolitionist John Brown in Virginia in 1859; the event was unsuccessful and led to the execution of John Brown. Brown became a martyr for the abolitionists' cause. His story became famous throughout the United States. Although many in the North didn't agree with his violent actions, they did agree with his belief that slavery should be abolished. The Civil War began less than a year later.
- 34. Freedom from slavery
- 36. A decision made in 1857 by the Supreme Court that said Congress could not outlaw slavery and that people of African descent were not necessarily U.S. citizens.
- 38. A new way of conducting war appeared during the Civil War. Instead of focusing only on military targets, armies destroyed homes and crops to demoralize and undermine the civilian base of the enemy’s war effort. (Examples: Sherman in Georgia or Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley)
- 40. Cultural movement in which Southern states attempted to cope - mentally and emotionally - with devastating defeat and Northern military occupation after the Civil War. The movement idealized life in the pre-war South, loudly protested against Reconstruction policies, and exalted Confederate figures such as “Stonewall” Jackson and Robert E. Lee.
- 42. The leader of the Confederate military during the Civil War
- 45. A state of bondage in which African Americans (and some Native Americans) were owned by other people, usually white, and forced to labor on their behalf.
- 46. A nickname for people from the North, as well as Union soldiers
- 47. Something that makes a defensive position stronger, like high mounds of earth to protect cannon or spiky breastworks to slow an enemy charge.
- 49. An American abolitionist and political activist. Born into slavery, she escaped and made some 13 missions to rescue approximately 70 enslaved people through the Underground Railroad
- 50. When a person could pay a fee rather than be drafted into the army. This angered poorer people who could not pay the fee and had no choice but to fight.
- 51. The President of the Union / USA during the Civil War, first elected in 1860
- 52. A large farm in the southern United States. Before the Civil War many of the workers on these large farms were enslaved people.
Down
- 1. Impossible to split into parts
- 2. Paper currency which began to circulate in the North after February 1862 with the passage of the Legal Tender Act. The bills were called “greenbacks” because of their color.
- 3. Long cuts dug out of the earth with the dirt piled up into a mound in front; used for defense
- 5. An attempt to stop people and supplies from going in or out of a port
- 6. The name given to the states that stayed loyal to the United States government; also called the North
- 7. To formally approve or sanction
- 8. A boundary or border that split the free states from the slave states. It went between Pennsylvania to the north and Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware to the south.
- 9. A network of people, homes, and hideouts that slaves in the southern United States used to escape to freedom in the Northern United States and Canada
- 11. This idea was common during the debate over slavery in the territories. The idea that people of each territory should be able to decide for themselves if slavery should be allowed in their territory when it became a state.
- 13. The basic equipment and structures (such as roads and bridges) that are needed for a country, region, or organization to function properly
- 14. When the southern states chose to leave the United States and to no longer be a part of the country
- 16. An American author and abolitionist who wrote the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which depicts the harsh conditions experienced by enslaved African Americans
- 21. An executive order from President Abraham Lincoln stating that slaves in the Confederate states were to be set free.
- 22. A person who is drafted into the military. The military draft became a necessity on both sides of the Civil War.
- 23. A person who dies for a cause they believe in
- 25. A law passed by Congress in 1850 that said escaped slaves in free states had to be returned to their owners.
- 26. The color of the military uniforms worn by Confederate soldiers
- 28. A political group created in the 1850s to prevent the spread of slavery to the territories. Eventually, members of this political group came to oppose the entire existence of slavery. Abraham Lincoln was the first president who was a member of this group, and very few Southerners were members of this political group.
- 29. An escaped slave who became a prominent activist, author and public speaker. He became a leader in the abolitionist movement, which sought to end the practice of slavery, before and during the Civil War. After that conflict and the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862, he continued to push for equality and human rights until his death in 1895.
- 31. This set of beliefs argued that the powers of the individual states were greater than the powers of the Federal government, and that the Federal government held its power only through the consent of the states and that any powers not specifically given to the Federal government remained in control of the states.
- 33. The President of the Confederacy during the Civil War
- 35. Putting the local or regional interests and customs ahead of the entire country
- 37. Soldiers that fight and travel by foot
- 39. Someone who wants to end or get rid of slavery
- 41. An abolitionist who tried to lead an armed slave uprising in Virginia in 1859
- 43. A long gun with a smooth bore that soldiers shot from the shoulder
- 44. This word means "before war". It was often used to describe the United States before the Civil War
- 48. Soldiers trained to fight on horseback