Across
- 2. Social classes in pre-revolutionary France, consisting of the clergy (First Estate), nobility (Second Estate), and commoners (Third Estate).
- 5. A conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) between Napoleon's forces and a coalition of Spanish, Portuguese, and British forces.
- 9. The political and social system of France before the French Revolution, characterized by absolute monarchy, feudal privileges, and social hierarchy.
- 10. The governing body of France from 1791 to 1792, succeeding the National Assembly and preceding the National Convention, responsible for creating legislation.
- 12. A French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became Emperor of the French, known for his military conquests and Napoleonic Wars.
- 14. A sudden, violent overthrow of a government, often carried out by a small group of individuals, typically military or political leaders.
- 18. A representative assembly in pre-revolutionary France composed of delegates from the three estates, convened by the king to address fiscal and political issues.
- 20. A period of mass executions and political repression during the French Revolution, led by the Committee of Public Safety and aimed at purging enemies of the revolution.
- 21. Radical revolutionary militants from the lower classes who played a significant role in the French Revolution, known for their opposition to aristocracy and their distinctive clothing.
- 22. The last King of France before the French Revolution, whose reign was marked by economic crisis and political turmoil.
- 24. A type of secondary school established by Napoleon, emphasizing state-controlled education and the training of future government officials and military officers.
- 25. The use of naval forces to prevent trade and communication from entering or leaving a particular area, often employed as a military strategy.
- 26. The principle that rulers derive their authority from established tradition, inheritance, or law, rather than force or conquest.
- 27. Members of a radical political club during the French Revolution, advocating for the abolition of monarchy and the establishment of a republic.
- 30. A system of international diplomacy established after the Napoleonic Wars, emphasizing cooperation among major European powers to maintain stability and prevent revolutions.
- 32. A coalition formed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the Congress of Vienna, based on the principles of Christianity and aimed at maintaining conservative order in Europe.
- 33. An agreement between Napoleon and the Pope, regulating the relationship between the French government and the Catholic Church.
- 34. A direct vote by the people to express their opinion on a specific issue, often used by Napoleon to legitimize his rule.
Down
- 1. The site of Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 by British and Prussian forces, marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars and Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French.
- 2. French nobles and clergy who fled the country during the French Revolution, often to escape persecution or to support counter-revolutionary efforts.
- 3. A pledge taken by members of the National Assembly in 1789, vowing not to disband until a new constitution was established for France.
- 4. Military strategy involving the deliberate destruction of resources and infrastructure to deny them to the enemy, often employed to impede enemy advance.
- 6. A civil legal code introduced by Napoleon, which served as the basis for modern legal systems in many countries, emphasizing equality before the law and protection of property rights.
- 7. Napoleon's economic blockade of Britain, aimed at weakening the British economy by preventing trade with European countries under French control.
- 8. A principle of international relations aimed at preventing any one country or alliance from becoming too powerful, thereby maintaining stability and peace.
- 11. A prominent figure in the French Revolution and leader of the radical Jacobin faction, associated with the Reign of Terror.
- 13. The Queen of France and wife of Louis XVI, often associated with extravagance and criticized for her perceived indifference to the plight of the common people.
- 15. The period between Napoleon's return from exile on Elba and his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, during which he briefly resumed power in France.
- 16. A revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate after being locked out of the Estates-General, marking the beginning of the French Revolution.
- 17. A period of panic and unrest in rural France during the early stages of the French Revolution, characterized by peasant uprisings and rumors of aristocratic plots.
- 19. A naval battle in 1805 where the British Royal Navy defeated the combined fleets of France and Spain, ensuring British naval supremacy.
- 23. Austrian statesman and leading figure at the Congress of Vienna, known for his conservative principles and advocacy for a balance of power in Europe.
- 28. A conference of European powers held in 1814-1815 to reorganize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, aiming to establish stability and prevent future conflicts.
- 29. A form of irregular warfare characterized by small, mobile combat groups using ambushes, sabotage, and hit-and-run tactics.
- 31. A device used for carrying out executions by beheading, famously associated with the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.