Across
- 2. waves vibrations of the ground during an earthquake
- 8. this is the process by which rocks break down and change
- 9. this type of rock has small crystals
- 10. this type of rock has large crystals
- 12. the continuous changing and remaking of rocks
- 15. the results from an experiment
- 18. any fracture along which Earth moves
- 19. occurs when pieces of uplifted rock are weathered and chipped away
- 20. erupted materials from a volcano, like ash and block
- 21. the loose covering of rock particles and decaying organic matter
- 22. this type of volcano results from eruptions with thin, runny lava
- 25. natural vibrations of ground caused by movements along fractures in Earth's crust
- 27. this type of igneous rock makes up Earth's oceanic crust
- 29. repeated thawing and freezing of water in cracks of rocks
- 32. when weathered rocks move
- 35. this soil layer is also called soil layer A, it provides the richest matter for germinating seeds; nutrients, bacteria, and fungi are abundant here
- 37. rapidly moving clouds of tephra mixed with hot, suffocating gases
- 40. where an earthquake originates
- 41. what is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable
- 43. an opening in the Earth's crust from which magma and volcanic gases escape
- 48. when rocks are dropped off in a different location
- 50. the standard to which comparisons are made in an experiment
- 51. this type of data is descriptive and involves characteristics that usually cannot be counted or measured
- 52. the point on the surface directly above the focus
- 53. at the top of the volcano, around the vent, is this bowl-shaped depression
- 54. used to rate the magnitude of an earthquake
- 55. huge pieces of crust and upper mantle that cover Earth's surface
Down
- 1. when magma from the mantle is rising and is pushing the plates apart, this geologic features forms
- 3. an intrusive igneous rock body
- 4. this rock type was formed through the deposition and solidification of sediments, examples include limestone and sandstone
- 5. small pieces of solid material
- 6. this part of the soil is formed from bedrock after a long weathering process, either by natural or chemical means; crumbled oreo cookies represented this in the soil lab
- 7. when two continental plates are pulling apart, this geologic feature forms
- 11. this type of igneous rock makes up Earth's continental crust
- 13. a tubelike structure that lava flows through to reach the surface
- 14. this type of volcano is usually made from viscous, sticky lava that does not flow easily
- 16. this type of data includes numbers obtained from an experiment by counting or measuring
- 17. solid rock that lies underneath loose or softer material, which supplies the soil with components important to its future; an oreo cookie represented this in the soil lab
- 23. this rock type forms when rocks are changed by heat and/or pressure, examples include gneiss and marble
- 24. these seismic waves travel through Earth's surface and are the msot damaging
- 26. these move the ground back and forth
- 28. an instrument for measuring Earthquakes
- 30. these move the ground at right angles
- 31. this soil layer is also called soil layer O, which is typically less than an inch thick and contains humus
- 33. when two continental plates converge, colliding edges of continents are uplifted and form this geologic feature
- 34. this rock type is formed from the crystallization of magma
- 36. this soil layer is also called soil layer B, it is not high in organic matter concentrations but offers rich minerals for plants and trees searching for root systems
- 38. the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation
- 39. what changes as a result of the independent variable manipulation, this is being measured
- 42. the rigid, outermost shell of a rocky planet
- 44. this category of igneous rock forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth's surface
- 45. these are unusually hot regions of Earth's mantle where high temperature plumes of magma rise to the surface, the Hawaiian islands have been forming for millions of years because the Pacific Plate moves slowly over this stationary feature
- 46. this type of volcano forms when eruptions eject small pieces of lava into the air and tephra piles around the vent
- 47. sediment deposited by glaciers when they melt
- 49. this category of igneous rock forms when magma reaches Earth's surface and cools quickly