The Middle Ages

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Across
  1. 4. One of the first guns used in warfare in the Middle Ages.
  2. 5. A way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour that was used in the Middle Ages.
  3. 8. An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.
  4. 9. A person who has controversial opinions, especially one who publicly disagrees with the accepted beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church.
  5. 10. An important member of the clergy that is entrusted with a position of authority.
  6. 12. Personal independence; the idea that every person should be free to develop and pursue his or her own goals.
  7. 14. An estate in land.
  8. 17. A battle between the Norman army of Duke William II and an English army under King Harold II, in which King Harold II died.
  9. 19. Religious art taken from Constantinople.
  10. 20. The longest war of the later Middle Ages.
  11. 24. Any of the military expeditions undertaken by European Christians from c. 1100 to c. 1400.
  12. 25. The predominantly Greek-speaking continuation of the eastern part of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages.
  13. 27. The King of the Franks who united most of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France and Germany.
  14. 28. A picture or representation of a sacred Christian person, itself regarded as sacred.
  15. 29. An institution of higher learning with teaching and research facilities as well as graduate and professional schools.
  16. 31. A Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop.
  17. 33. The capital of the Byzantine Empire that was sacked in the Fourth Crusade.
  18. 36. A separation or division into factions, especially a formal separation within a Christian church.
  19. 38. The male leader of a family or tribe, in the Byzantine Empire, the bishop of Constantinople.
  20. 39. The group of people who have been ordained for religious service.
Down
  1. 1. Special honor or respect shown publicly.
  2. 2. A thrusting spear that consisted long thin spike mounted to a wooden shaft, with a hand guard at the end of the spike.
  3. 3. A medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.
  4. 5. A sword that combined the versatility of a sword with the weight of an axe.
  5. 6. The deliverance of the soul from the penalties of sin.
  6. 7. A weapon developed in Flanders and means good day
  7. 11. The first Norman King of England.
  8. 13. A tenth of one's income contributed voluntarily to a church.
  9. 15. A strong central government ruled by a king or a queen.
  10. 16. A work of art or literature from ancient Greece or Rome, something considered to be of the highest rank or excellence.
  11. 18. A highly infectious, usually fatal, epidemic disease.
  12. 21. The act that deprives someone of membership in the church.
  13. 22. A great leader of the Muslims in the crusades.
  14. 23. A place of pilgrimage and worship for Christians, Jews and Muslims.
  15. 26. One who is an unbeliever in respect to some religion especially Islam or Christianity.
  16. 30. The first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler.
  17. 32. A young female knight nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans."
  18. 34. The ability to read and write.
  19. 35. A polearm weapon with a hooked blade that derived from the agricultural billhook.
  20. 37. The religious leader of the Roman Catholic Church.