Across
- 1. Death: The name given to the epidemic of bubonic plague that devastated Europe in the 14th century, leading to significant social and economic changes.
- 2. John I of England: The king who signed the Magna Carta, known for his unpopular rule and heavy taxation.
- 5. Rights: The basic freedoms and protections that belong to each person, such as the right to a fair trial and freedom of speech.
- 6. Carta: A landmark document signed in 1215 that limited the power of King John I of England and established principles of individual rights and the rule of law.
- 7. An estate of land granted to a vassal by a lord in exchange for service.
- 8. of Law: The principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law, ensuring fairness and justice.
- 11. The system of designing and displaying coats of arms and other symbols to identify individuals or families.
- 13. A journey to a sacred place or shrine undertaken for religious reasons.
- 14. pestis: The bacterium that causes the bubonic plague, transmitted through fleas and infected animals.
- 16. Peasants who were bound to the land and under the control of a lord, often working in exchange for protection.
- 17. A series of religious wars initiated by European Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
- 19. Rulers of a kingdom, often considered to have absolute power and authority over their land and subjects.
- 23. Common people who worked the land for lords or knights, often living in servitude and facing harsh conditions.
- 24. Revolts: Uprisings by peasants against their lords or the ruling class, often driven by demands for better living and working conditions.
- 25. A large estate owned by a lord, which included the lord's residence, farmland, and villages.
Down
- 1. Plague: A deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which swept through Europe in the 14th century, resulting in millions of deaths.
- 3. Associations of artisans or merchants formed to protect their interests and regulate trade practices.
- 4. Large and important churches that served as the central place of worship in a diocese, often notable for their architecture.
- 9. Noblemen who owned land and held power over vassals and peasants. They often granted land to knights in exchange for military service.
- 10. A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was owned by lords who granted it to vassals in exchange for service and protection.
- 12. Uprisings or rebellions against authority or government, often in response to oppression or unjust treatment.
- 15. A formal pledge of loyalty and service from a vassal to a lord.
- 18. Mounted warriors who served lords in exchange for land. They followed a code of chivalry, emphasizing bravery and honor.
- 20. Boats: Vessels used for transporting goods and people across bodies of water, crucial for trade during the Middle Ages.
- 21. A person who received land from a lord in exchange for loyalty and service.
- 22. The medieval knightly system that emphasized virtues such as bravery, honor, and respect for women and the weak.