The New World

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Across
  1. 3. Independent landowners allowed small-scale fur trading and encouraged to marry and start families.
  2. 4. a period of renewed interest in art, literature, learning and exploration
  3. 6. A hoped-for water route through or around North America to Asia; explorers searched for it but instead discovered and claimed new lands.
  4. 8. A colony ruled directly by the Spanish king and queen who created laws to govern the territory.
  5. 9. Wrote An account of travels to China that inspired later exploration.
  6. 12. an imaginary line invented by the pope to resolve land claim disputes between Spain and Portugal
  7. 15. Civilian towns allowed under Spanish law.
  8. 16. empire that charged Heavy taxes on Asian goods passing through Constantinople, motivating Europeans to seek sea route
  9. 18. Dutch explorer who claimed New York for the Netherlands.
  10. 20. People of mixed Spanish and African ancestry working on farms, ranches, and trades.
  11. 21. A royal governor in charge of half of Spain’s American empire.
  12. 27. Nobles, merchants, or religious groups granted large pieces of land (fiefs) by the French crown.
  13. 28. Tool measuring star positions to determine latitude.
  14. 30. The long, dangerous voyage where enslaved Africans were packed tightly, mistreated, fed minimally, and often died.
  15. 32. French explorer who discovered Cape Fear.
  16. 33. Spanish laws that established a strong government for New Spain and Peru, organized how they would be ruled, and set social and settlement rules.
  17. 35. Spaniards born in Spain holding top government and church positions and owning land and mines.
  18. 36. An improved tool for measuring angles between stars and the horizon.
  19. 37. People of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry working on farms, ranches, and as craftsmen.
  20. 38. Established a navigation school in Portugal and trained explorers to use navigational tools.
  21. 39. Spread information widely and inspired more Europeans to read about exploration.
Down
  1. 1. Lowest social class in New Spain, treated as conquered people and kept in poverty.
  2. 2. guy who invented the printing press
  3. 5. French fur traders who traveled to Native lands to exchange goods for beaver, moose, and caribou furs.
  4. 7. French cartographer and explorer, founder of Quebec in 1608, known as the Father of New France.
  5. 10. a Spanish soldier who conquered land for Spain in the New World
  6. 11. an alteration of the line of demarcation that enabled Portugal to claim Brazil
  7. 13. Type of Roman Catholic missionaries allowed by Champlain who came to Christianize Native Americans, sometimes causing conflict and disease spread.
  8. 14. A large farm growing one crop—such as sugar or tobacco—for sale.
  9. 17. Spanish military forts.
  10. 19. A fast, sturdy ship that could sail against the wind.
  11. 22. People born in the Americas to Spanish parents; wealthy and educated but blocked from top positions.
  12. 23. The forced transport of 12–15 million Africans, mostly from West Africa, mainly to Brazil and the Caribbean.
  13. 24. Allowed for cheaper printing of books like Marco Polo’s, increasing interest in travel.
  14. 25. English explorer who discovered Newfoundland.
  15. 26. System where Europeans traded manufactured goods for enslaved Africans who were then exchanged for raw materials in the Americas.
  16. 29. Land grants to Peninsulares giving them the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans in exchange for protection and Christianity.
  17. 31. Instrument showing direction for navigation.
  18. 34. The city that originated from The settlement founded by Champlain at the top of a cliff; it became the center of New France.
  19. 37. Catholic religious settlements used to convert Native Americans.