Thermodynamics

2. (ΔS°) change in entropy for a reaction calculated using the standard entropies
4. all matter other than the system being studied
9. (S) state function that is a measure of the matter and/or energy dispersal within a system, determined by t he number of system microstates; often described as a measure of the disorder of the system
10. (S°) entropy for one mole of a substance at 1 bar pressure; tabulated values are usually determined at 298.15 K
11. portion of matter undergoing a chemical or physical change being studied
13. (ΔH) heat released or absorbed by a system under constant pressure during a chemical or physical process
14. change (G) thermodynamic property defined in terms of system enthalpy and entropy; all spontaneous processes involve a decrease in G
15. (cal) unit of heat or other energy; the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
17. change process that takes place without a continuous input of energy from an external source
18. process process that requires continual input of energy from an external source

1. (c) intensive property of a substance that represents the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 degree Celsius
3. chemical reaction or physical change that absorbs heat
5. chemical reaction or physical change that releases heat
6. (C) extensive property of a body of matter that represents the quantity of heat required to increase its temperature by 1 degree Celsius
7. process of measuring the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical
8. (H) sum of a system’s internal energy and the mathematical product of its pressure and volume
12. study of measuring the amount heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction or a physical change
16. (J) SI unit of energy; 1 joule is the kinetic energy of an object with a mass of 2 kilograms