Thermodynamics

3. The change in enthalpy when a reaction occurs at constant pressure.
4. The potential energy of molecules which drives chemical reactions.
6. The heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a substance by one degree.
9. A thermodynamic quantity that measures the useful work obtainable from a system.
11. A process that requires external energy to proceed.
13. A property whose value does not depend on the path taken to reach that specific value.
19. A property that depends on the route taken between initial and final states.
21. A condition where all parts of a system are at the same temperature.
25. The interface separating a system from its surroundings.
26. A condition in which all competing influences are balanced in a system.
27. The total energy contained within a system.
28. A process that can be reversed without any net change in the system and surroundings.
29. The amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of an object by a certain amount.
30. The change in entropy when a process occurs.
31. The principle that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.

1. A reference state for a substance used to calculate its properties under different conditions.
2. A law stating that total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time.
5. A number that expresses the relationship between products and reactants at equilibrium.
7. Enthalpy per mole of a substance.
8. A principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
10. Energy transferred when a force moves an object.
12. The total heat content change in a system at constant pressure.
14. The movement of heat energy from one object to another.
15. A process that occurs without needing to be driven by an external energy source.
16. The pressure exerted by a single component in a mixture of gases.
17. A process that cannot return the system to its original state.
18. A system that exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.
20. The change in enthalpy when one mole of substance is formed under standard conditions.
22. The change in heat during a chemical reaction at constant pressure.
23. A system that does not exchange energy or matter with its surroundings.
24. A system that exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings.