Across
- 3. Using ATP as energy, ________ is the motor protein that helps to move cargo toward the minus end of microtubules.
- 6. The alpha-tubulin (α-tubulin) and beta-tubulin (β-tubulin) bind together non-covalently to form tubulin __________, which is the repeating unit of microtubules.
- 8. A toxin that binds specifically to actin filaments to help in stabilization of the filaments and preventing their depolymerization.
- 10. Hollow tubes that provide structural support and play a crucial role in intracellular transport, chromosome separation during mitosis and meiosis
- 13. One of the toxins that bind to tubulin and inhibit microtubule polymerization, affecting cell division and used in cancer therapy.
- 15. During skeletal muscle contraction, the _______ heads will bind to specific sites on actin filaments, forming cross-bridges and produce movement along the actin filaments through the hydrolysis of ATP.
- 16. An actin-binding protein that stabilizes actin bundles by binding and crosslinking actin filaments in a parallel orientation which also contributes to the formation of microvilli.
- 17. ATP binding and hydrolysi with G-actin plays a crucial role in actin dynamics and ____________.
- 18. The cytoskeleton is a complex network of protein filaments and tubules within the cytoplasm of a cell which plays a crucial role in organizing the __________ within the cell.
- 19. This protein acts as a destabilizer of microtubules that binds to tubulin dimers and promotes their depolymerization.
Down
- 1. Part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the extracellular matrix and helps to stabilize muscle fibers during contraction and relaxation. Absence of this protein will lead to progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.
- 2. ___________ filaments is the most stable and elastic cytoskeletal protein which can withstand tensile forces and is resistant to detergents.
- 4. The process by which actin filaments grow at one end and shrink at the other.
- 5. The most well-known microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells that is composed of two centrioles surrounded by a matrix of proteins known as the pericentriolar material.
- 7. Proteins that help to stabilize microtubules by regulating their polarity.
- 9. When the Tau protein becomes excessively phosphorylated, causing it to detach from microtubules and sequestered into neurofibrillary tangles, it will lead to the __________’s disease.
- 11. The monomeric protein that polymerizes to form F-actin.
- 12. When there is a low concentration of Ca²⁺ in sarcoplasm, the ________ will blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin filament and leading to muscle relaxation.
- 14. During muscle _________, an action potential triggers the release of Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm, initiating the interaction between actin and myosin filaments.
- 20. The ________ protein binds to microtubules, promoting their assembly and stability, which is crucial for maintaining the neuron's cytoskeleton and facilitating intracellular transport.