Topic 12: Bioenergetics

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Across
  1. 2. During photosynthesis, the electrons move through the ________, creating a proton gradient by pumping protons into the thylakoid lumen.
  2. 4. The process of ATP synthesis by ATP synthase is driven by a _________ gradient, generated by the electron transport chain (ETC).
  3. 5. Chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes absorb _______, in which this energy excites electrons in the chlorophyll molecules, raising them to a higher energy state.
  4. 6. When there is _________ of oxidative phosphorylation occur, the proton gradient can be dissipated without producing ATP, which will then generate heat instead of ATP.
  5. 11. The oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain tightly linked together to maintain a gradient of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of ___________.
  6. 13. A key protein that plays a crucial role in heat production in response to cold exposure or during periods of increased metabolic demand through the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation.
  7. 14. The chlorophyll and other pigments in photosystem II (PSII) absorb light energy, which excites ________ to a higher energy level.
  8. 16. During photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place in the __________ membranes, which plays a role in converting the light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
  9. 18. A chemical that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, which then dissipates the proton gradient and prevents ATP synthesis despite continued electron transport and oxygen consumption.
  10. 19. The electron transport chain generates the proton motive force, whereas the oxidative phosphorylation utilizes this force to produce _______.
  11. 20. A potent inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the electron transport chain, which could prevent the utilization of oxygen for ATP synthesis and lead to cellular hypoxia and potentially fatal consequences.
Down
  1. 1. The process that involves movement of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.
  2. 3. The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
  3. 7. In the mitochondrion, the energy for ATP synthesis comes from _________ of organic molecules such as glucose, whereas in chloroplast, the energy comes from light.
  4. 8. During ATP production in mitochondria, the electron transport chain powers proton pumps to pump the _______ ions out of the matrix.
  5. 9. The molecule that carries electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.
  6. 10. When the ΔG (Gibbs free energy) of a reaction is positive, this indicates that the reaction is _________, which also means that it requires energy input.
  7. 12. ATP _________ is responsible for producing the majority of ATP in aerobic organisms, in which it synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
  8. 15. ________ cycle occur in the stroma and use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose.
  9. 17. ________ cycle takes place in the mitochondria and produces ATP and electron carriers.