Across
- 2. A computational assay that evaluates the gene expression profiles of stem cells to determine the pluripotency of stem cells, particularly human induced pluripotent stem cells.
- 6. During obligatory ___________ replication, each stem cell division results in one daughter cell that retains stem cell properties and one daughter cell that differentiates.
- 9. ___________ cloning refers to the process of creating an organism that is genetically identical to another existing organism in which the developing embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother, where it continues to develop through gestation until birth.
- 13. A technique used to create pluripotent stem cells by reprogramming adult somatic cells to an embryonic stem cell-like state without involving the use of embryos.
- 16. The ability of a single stem cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism.
- 19. The differentiation of stem cells can be influenced by different _______ compositions and topographies, in which they can direct stem cell differentiation into specific lineages.
- 20. The offspring resulting from the cross-breeding of two genetically different individuals or species.
Down
- 1. The extracellular matrix plays a critical role in regulating stem cell __________, in which the stiffness and elasticity of the ECM can influence stem cell division rates.
- 3. During _______, the embryo begins to transcribe its newly formed genome and there is a global increase in transcriptional activity, leading to the synthesis of a diverse array of mRNA molecules.
- 4. Fertilization is a complex process involving the fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a ________, which is the first cell of a new organism, containing a complete set of DNA from both parents.
- 5. The process by which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function in which this process involves changes in cell morphology, function, and gene expression.
- 7. The embryonic stem cells are typically derived from the inner cell mass of a _________, which is a hollow ball of cells formed around five days after fertilization.
- 8. During fertilization, the binding of _______, the sperm membrane protein and its counterpart oocyte receptor JUNO has been identified as an essential factor for sperm–oocyte interaction and fusion.
- 10. __________ is the situation in which an egg is fertilized by more than a single sperm, this will then lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes, causing developmental defects, and eventually result in non-viable embryos.
- 11. During _________, the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions without an increase in size, resulting in a cluster of cells known as the morula.
- 12. A __________ stem cell can differentiate into almost all cell types of the body from the three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
- 14. ___________ stem cells are multipotent stem cells which are primarily found in the bone marrow that have the unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into various specialized blood cell types.
- 15. ______ is a crucial technique for cloning and stem cell research, where the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred into an egg cell (oocyte) that has had its nucleus removed.
- 17. The protein _________ and 5-azacytidine are used to reprogram the human adipocytes into induced multipotent stem cells which can be used to regenerate tissues in without ectopic or neoplastic growth.
- 18. ___________ differentiation is a process in which stem cells make random, probabilistic decisions to either self-renew or differentiate into specific cell types, in order to ensure a balanced population of stem cells and differentiated cells within a tissue.