Across
- 1. a constant which connects the energy of radiation with the frequency of radiation, E=hf, (h= 6.63 × 10-34 J s, given in the data booklet)
- 6. a detailed representation of electron arrangement, showing sub-levels within the principle energy levels, e.g. Li 1s2 2s1
- 7. regions of space where there is high probability of finding an electron; each orbital represents a discrete energy level and can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
- 9. Rule that states that electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy singly, before they will pair up (maximum multiplicity) – analogy is people going on a bus and sitting on their own rather than sitting beside a stranger
- 13. atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons; same atomic number, different mass numbers
- 14. outermost shell, highest main energy level
- 16. number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
- 21. the weighted average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element compared with an atom of the C-12 isotope, which has a mass of exactly 12
- 22. equal energy orbitals
- 23. number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Unique to each element.
- 24. lines or energy levels getting closer together. This happens at higher frequencies (higher energies) "principal quantum number"- notation to represent the main energy levels in an atom; n =1 is the lowest energy level
- 25. spherical orbital in s-sub-level
- 26. spectrum such as ‘white’ light with all the frequencies and no gaps (looks like a rainbow)
- 27. instrument for determining relative atomic masses and relative molecular masses
- 28. Principle that states that no 2 electrons in the same atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers (i.e. 2 electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spin) – each electron is unique!
Down
- 1. a quantum of light energy
- 2. state of an atom or molecule when one or more of its electrons is raised to a higher energy above the stable ground state. Heat, electricity or electromagnetic radiation can excite the atoms or molecules.
- 3. characteristic line spectrum for a particular element
- 4. to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
- 5. collective term for protons and neutrons
- 8. levels within the main energy levels; each sub-level is divided into orbitals, e.g. 2p: 2 is the principle energy level, p is the sublevel, and it contains three orbitals: 2px, 2py and 2pz
- 10. one of three dumb-bell shaped orbitals in a p sub-level
- 11. Principle that states that it is impossible to know the exact location and momentum of an electron
- 12. Principle that states that the lowest energy levels are always filled first
- 15. electron in the highest main energy level
- 17. property of electrons which accounts for their behavior in a magnetic field; an atomic orbital can hold two electrons with opposite spins (+1/2 or -1/2)
- 18. "package" of energy released by an electron as it drops back to a lower energy level
- 19. number of complete waves passing any point per second; unit = Hertz (Hz)
- 20. spectrum with bright lines of specific colours at specific frequencies, with black spaces in between