Across
- 2. What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution — it shrinks as water leaves by osmosis
- 6. The state reached when there is no net change anymore — molecules are evenly distributed and there is no concentration gradient
- 7. Molecules in liquid and gas states possess this, so they are continually moving about — this is why diffusion never stops
- 9. Diffusion is this type of process because it does not require any energy input
- 11. Increasing this increases the kinetic energy of molecules, speeding up the rate of diffusion
- 13. Amount of solute dissolved per unit volume of solution
- 15. Example of a cell adapted for efficient diffusion; has a long projection that greatly increases surface area for water absorption
- 16. Active cells are usually ___ in size so that they have a large surface area to volume ratio to help carry out their functions
- 18. A measure of the tendency of water to move from one place to another; denoted by the Greek letter ψ (psi)
- 20. Plant cell shrinks when water leaves by osmosis in concentrated solution
- 21. State of a plant cell when it gains water by osmosis and swells up; helps the plant stand upright
- 22. A ___ solution contains more water molecules per unit volume than a concentrated solution, so it has a higher water potential
- 23. A ______ membrane is essential for active transport to occur because carrier proteins embedded within it require energy to function
- 24. Cell surface membrane property: allows some molecules through but not others
- 27. Embedded in the cell membrane during active transport; these require energy in order to function and transport specific molecules
- 30. The ___ of the membrane affects diffusion rate — a thinner membrane allows faster diffusion
- 31. Plant drooping due to loss of turgor pressure when dehydrated
- 32. Describes a dilute solution with higher water potential — has more water molecules but fewer solute molecules
- 34. Describes a concentrated solution with lower water potential — has fewer water molecules but more solute molecules
- 35. The ____ the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion
- 36. Air sac in the lungs; an example of a structure adapted for efficient diffusion of gases between air and blood
Down
- 1. A synthetic membrane used in osmosis experiments; it is partially permeable and has tiny holes that allow only small molecules to pass through
- 3. Type of membrane needed for osmosis to occur; the Visking tubing used in experiments is described as this
- 4. Plant drooping due to loss of water by transpiration; prevented by the absorption of water through osmosis in root hair cells
- 5. Water is a good ___ because many substances can be dissolved in it, allowing them to move about cells in a watery solution
- 8. One of the 3 general types of movement of molecules; a passive process that does not require energy input
- 10. The difference in concentration of molecules between two regions; diffusion always occurs down this
- 12. Tiny finger-like extensions on epithelial cells of the small intestine (ileum) that increase surface area for absorption
- 14. Inorganic substance absorbed by plant roots (e.g. nitrate, magnesium)
- 17. Diffusion may occur with or without the presence of this structure
- 19. Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy
- 25. What happens to an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution — it bursts because it has no cell wall to resist swelling
- 26. Describes two solutions that have the same solute concentration or water potential — no net movement of water occurs
- 28. Biconcave disc shape gives a large surface area to volume ratio, making it efficient at exchanging oxygen by diffusion
- 29. Factor affecting rate of diffusion; a larger ___ to volume ratio allows faster diffusion into or out of a cell
- 33. One of the 3 general types of movement of molecules; involves water molecules only, moving down the water potential gradient