Across
- 3. type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs
- 10. the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts
- 13. in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests
- 14. during the Middle Ages in Europe, a lord's estate that included one or more villages and the surrounding lands
- 15. During the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain
- 17. holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church
- 19. the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers
- 21. six-foot-long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor
- 22. A Church court set up to try people accused of heresy
- 24. referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between ancient and modern times
- 27. a young person learning a trade from a master
- 28. a European noble who served as a mounted warrior
- 29. sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church
- 30. stone supports on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher, thinner walls that contained large stained-glass windows.
- 31. the practice of lending money at interest
- 32. in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to the lord's land
Down
- 1. ruler who has complete authority
- 2. everyday language of ordinary people
- 4. relating to the Slavic alphabet derived from the Greek and traditionally attributed to St. Cyril; in modified form still used in modern Slavic languages
- 5. a salaried worker employed by a guild master
- 6. an epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s
- 7. a mock battle in which knights would compete against one another to display their fighting skills
- 8. exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law
- 9. a wandering poet or singer of medieval Europe
- 11. in medieval Europe, a lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord
- 12. loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord
- 16. a legal system based on custom and court rulings
- 17. in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom
- 18. appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy
- 20. in medieval Europe, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty
- 23. code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages
- 25. having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious
- 26. sparse, dry, treeless grassland