Across
- 3. This is a type of situation in which there is a division between two languages or two varieties of a language such that one variety, the so-called ‘high’ or H variety, is used in public life.
- 8. This is the extent to which a country has official institutions to preserve the language in an ostensibly pure form.
- 10. Occasionally a language which has died out may be revived. Such a process can be triggered by a number of circumstances.
- 12. The labels are based on the word for ‘yes’ in each case. The langue d’oïl fed into what was later to become modern French with its centre around the city of Paris.
- 15. This refers to the extent to which immigrant speakers of a certain language retain knowledge of the original language in the host country into following generations. Here language communities vary.
Down
- 1. A type of linguistic situation in which two languages co-exist in a country or language community without there being a notable distribution according to function or social class.
- 2. This emotive term is sometimes applied to those situations in which a language ceases to exist
- 4. Dialectally it includes Madrid, though in present-day Spain it is split into two provinces Castile-León in the north and Castile-La Mancha in the south with Madrid city in an autonomous region of the same between the two.
- 5. There are two forms of Norwegian which have official status in present-day Norway. The one is Bokmål ‘book language’ and the other is Nynorsk ‘new Norwegian’.
- 6. The status of the present-day dialects is connected with the relationship of the region to the north of the country
- 7. This term is used to refer to the type of situation which obtains when for political reasons two varieties of a language, which are scarcely distinguishable, are forcibly differentiated to maximise differences between two countries.
- 9. During the sixteenth century Spain ruled over the Low Countries. The northern provinces revolted against this dominance and The Dutch Republic was formed in 1648.
- 11. Vulgar Latin yielded to Italian during the second half of the first millenium AD. Various dialects developed and some of these were used for writing, such as Sicilian for poetry.
- 13. The significance of translations into vernaculars of the holy scriptures, mainly the Old and New Testament, should not be underestimated in the development of standard varieties in the early modern period across Europe
- 14. In the present-day United Kingdom (England, Wales and to a much lesser extent Scotland and Northern Ireland) there is a single type of pronunciation which enjoys the highest social prestige.