Across
- 2. Coastal sand hill above the high tide mark, shaped by wind action and covered with grasses and shrubs.
- 3. The physical break up of rock e.g. freeze thaw.
- 4. The movement of material back down the beach.
- 6. Occurs when material being transported by the sea is dropped due to the sea losing energy.
- 9. Disturbance to the caused by the transfer of energy from the wind blowing over the surface of the sea.
- 11. Rapid mass movement which involves a whole segment of the cliff moving down-slope along a saturated shear-plane or line of weakness.
- 13. An area of rock that is more resistant to erosion and juts out to sea.
- 17. A depositional landform formed when a finger of sediment extends from the shore out to sea, often at a river mouth. It usually has a curved end because of opposing winds and currents.
- 18. Where different rock types (hard and soft) are broken down and removed at different rates.
- 19. An isolated pillar of rock left when the top of an arch has collapsed.
- 20. A concrete wall which aims to prevent erosion of the coast by providing a barrier which reflects wave energy.
- 24. A wave-eroded passage through a small headland. This begins as a cave formed in the headland which is gradually widened and deepened until it cuts through.
- 26. Managing erosion by working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems.
- 27. The wearing away of cliffs by material flung by breaking waves (the sandpaper effect).
- 29. Occurs after periods of heavy rain when loose surface material becomes saturated, and the extra weight causes the material to become unstable and move rapidly downhill.
- 31. Where a spit grows across a bay, a bay bar can eventually enclose the bay to create a lagoon.
- 32. The addition of new material to a beach artificially, through the dumping of large amounts of sand or shingle.
- 35. Different layers of rock that form at right angles to the coastline.
- 36. A large hole in the cliff caused by waves forcing their way into cracks in the cliff face.
- 38. The use of concrete and large artificial structures to defend land against natural erosion processes.
- 39. The distance travelled by a wave.
- 41. The wearing away and removal of material.
- 42. The process by which breaking waves compress pockets of air in cracks in a cliff. The pressure may cause the crack to widen, breaking off rock.
Down
- 1. waves that have a larger backwash than swash. They remove material from the beach.
- 5. A rocky, level shelf at or around sea level representing the base of old, retreated cliffs.
- 7. Action taken to build up dunes and increase vegetation to strengthen the dunes and prevent excessive coastal retreat e.g re-planting marram grass, planting trees and providing boardwalks.
- 8. The breakdown of rock due to water entering cracks, freezing and expanding. This weakens the rock over time.
- 10. A steep high rock face formed by weathering and erosion.
- 12. An area of land that has been eroded back by the sea due to the rock type being less resistant to erosion. They generally form between headlands.
- 14. Low-energy waves that have a larger swash than backwash. They deposit material and build the beach.
- 15. An area of deposited material between the low water line to the limit of storm waves.
- 16. A lump of rock eroded from a stack.
- 17. The movement of material up the beach.
- 21. A wooden barrier built out into the sea to stop the longshore drift of sand and shingle and so cause the beach to grow.
- 22. The zigzag movement of sediment along a shore caused by waves going up the beach at an angle and returning at right angles. This results in the movement of beach material along the coast.
- 23. Large boulders dumped on the beach as part of the coastal defences.
- 25. Steel wire mesh filled with boulders used in coastal defences.
- 28. Allowing cliff erosion to occur as nature takes its course. It may involve realigning the shoreline and allowing the sea to flood areas that were previously protected by embankments and seawalls.
- 30. The downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity.
- 33. The movement of eroded material.
- 34. Erosion caused when rocks and boulders transported by waves bump into each other and break up into smaller pieces.
- 36. Different layers of rock that form parallel to the coastline.
- 37. The breakdown of rock caused by a chemical change within that rock. It can be caused by sea water.
- 40. Changing the profile or shape of the beach. It usually refers to material being transferred from the lower to the upper beach.