Across
- 5. Leader of the Roman Catholic Church, based in Vatican City.
- 9. Fortified residence for nobility, offering protection during sieges.
- 13. Norman duke who conquered England in 1066.
- 14. Medieval system where lords grant land in exchange for loyalty and service.
- 17. Economic structure of self-sufficient estates during the Middle Ages.
- 18. Period of Norse exploration, raiding, and colonization.
- 19. Document limiting king's power, signed in 1215.
- 20. Monarch who rules over a kingdom, often inheriting the position.
Down
- 1. Various popes held this name; notable for Leo III crowning Charlemagne.
- 2. Descendants of Viking settlers in Normandy, France.
- 3. King of the Franks who converted to Christianity.
- 4. Germanic tribes who settled in England in the early Middle Ages.
- 6. Knightly code emphasizing honor, bravery, and courtesy.
- 7. Heraldic symbol representing a family or individual.
- 8. Military tactic to surround and capture a fortress or city.
- 10. Peasant bound to the land, serving a lord in feudalism.
- 11. Noble landowner who grants land to vassals in feudalism.
- 12. Mounted warrior serving a lord, following a code of chivalry.
- 15. Period between ancient and modern times, roughly from 500 to 1500.
- 16. Frankish ruler crowned Holy Roman Emperor, known for expansion.
- 18. Norse seafarers, traders, and raiders from Scandinavia.