Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - Vocabulary

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Across
  1. 3. The Dutch colony, located along the Hudson River area, that was established by the Dutch West India Company.
  2. 10. English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way.
  3. 11. Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish.
  4. 13. Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.
  5. 14. English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 and ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks. He also established ties with the Powhatan Indians through the Chief's daughter, Pocahontas, who had "saved" him from a mock execution the previous year.
  6. 15. Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.
  7. 17. Protestant Queen of England, whose forty-five year reign from 1558 to 1603 firmly secured the Anglican Church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest. Never having married, she was dubbed the "Virgin Queen" by her contemporaries.
  8. 20. Translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur-trappers, also known as "voyageurs" (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.
  9. 21. Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.
  10. 22. Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, he left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until his death.
  11. 24. Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.
  12. 25. Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.
Down
  1. 1. Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few could read at the time. Spread to England in the 1530s when Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church.
  2. 2. English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina's Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. Once a favorite of Elizabeth I, he fell out of favor with the Virgin Queen after secretly marrying one of her maids of honor. He continued his colonial pursuits until 1618, when he was executed for treason.
  3. 4. Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina
  4. 5. Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610. He also applied harsh "Irish" tactics during the war against the Indians, sending troops to torch their villages and seize provisions.
  5. 6. First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company.
  6. 7. Daughter of Chief Powhatan, she "saved" Captain John Smith in a dramatic mock execution and served as a mediator between Indians and the colonists. In 1614, she married John Rolfe and sailed with him to England, where she was greeted as a princess, and where she passed away shortly before her planned return to the colonies.
  7. 8. Bound together 5 tribes-- the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas--- in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York state
  8. 9. Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures.
  9. 12. English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.
  10. 16. French Protestant dissenters, they were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes. After King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many fled elsewhere, including to British North America.
  11. 18. English colonist whose marriage to Pocahontas in 1614 sealed the peace of the First Anglo-Powhatan War.
  12. 19. Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century.
  13. 23. Absolute monarch: Also the King of Scotland; highly religious; became King England in 1603 when Queen Elizabeth I died; he supported overseas colonization, granting a charter to the Virginia Company in 1606 for a settlement in the New World. He also cracked down on both Catholics and Puritan Separatists, prompting the latter to flee to Holland, and later North America.