Across
- 2. Sigmund Freud believed personality was determined by how children coped with their physical drives. He examined how children regulate their desires and take on social norms. His theory was primarily used by psychiatrists.
- 10. Urie Bronfenbrenner noted that children's development is influenced by both heredity and their environment. He also believed that children affect their environment, such as how they treat friends may affect their friendships.
- 13. Jean Piaget believed children think differently at different ages. He thought children constructed their knowledge through experiences. As children learn new ideas, their minds adapt. His theory changed child development.
- 15. B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura focused on how the environments affect observable behaviors, not internal changes, such as personality and how you learn. They studied how behaviors can be reinforced or extinguished. Learning theories are mainly used in behavior modification or in intervention methods for children having learning or behavioral problems.
- 16. family consisting of a father, a mother, and their biological child or children who live together.
- 17. development that concerns how people learn, what people learn, and how people express what they know through language.
- 18. Erik Erkison was concerned about conflicts that occur between a child's needs and social demands. He belived that people who can cope with each conflict develop a healthy personality and vice versa. His theory is used in preventing and treating mental health problems.
- 19. parenting style in which parents give children almost no guidelines or rules.
- 20. parenting style in which the main objective is to make children completely obedient.
Down
- 1. growth of the body and development of the large and small motor skills.
- 3. series of six stages that many families go through over the years.
- 4. parenting style in which parents set some rules, but allow children some freedom; also called assertive-democratic.
- 5. family in which an adult provides a temporary home for a child who cannot live with his or her birth parents.
- 6. Arnold Gesell believed that physical and intellectual development was determined by heredity and biological maturation. This theory established many age norms and ideas about "readiness".
- 7. person who is legally appointed by the court to take responsibility for a child in the event of the birth parents death or extended absence.
- 8. Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory that children totally construct their own knowledge. He believed that some knowledge was a personal construction, but much was a social construction. His ideas of mentoring or tutoring is used in schools today.
- 9. family that forms when a single parent marries another person.
- 11. family headed by one adult.
- 12. development that involves interactions with people and social groups, disposition, and emotions.
- 14. family that extends past the parent or parents and their children to include other adult relatives who interact within the same household.