Across
- 5. A standard often used in fingerprint analysis, where 12 points of similarity between a latent fingerprint and a known fingerprint are considered sufficient to establish a match with high confidence.
- 9. A sample known to produce a negative result in an experiment or test. Negative controls are used to help identify false positives and validate the accuracy of the test.
- 10. Evidence that can only be associated with a group or category, not a single source. Examples include fibers, paint, or soil, which can suggest a link to a type or category but not to a specific individual.
- 11. The basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides are arranged in specific sequences to form genes and carry genetic information.
- 14. The complete set of genetic material (DNA) within an organism. A genome includes all the genes as well as non-coding sequences of DNA, providing the blueprint for the organism's development and function.
- 15. A fingerprint that is not visible to the naked eye and requires special techniques, such as dusting or chemical reactions, to be revealed. Latent prints are often left by natural oils or sweat on a surface.
- 17. The molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms. DNA provides instructions for building proteins and is unique to each individual, making it a powerful tool in forensic identification.
- 21. A more specific and reliable test that confirms the presence of a substance with high certainty. Confirmatory tests are used to validate the results of presumptive tests.
- 22. individual who is considered to be potentially involved in a crime, either as a suspect or as someone with valuable information related to the investigation.
Down
- 1. branch of science that studies the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. In forensics, biochemistry is used to analyze substances such as blood, DNA, and other biological evidence.
- 2. A bodily reaction to a stimulus, often involving the nervous or endocrine system. Examples include increased heart rate, sweating, and changes in breathing. In stressful situations, physiological responses are common and can be indicators of emotional or physical states.
- 3. Indirect evidence that suggests a fact or event without directly proving it. Circumstantial evidence requires an inference to connect it to a conclusion of fact, such as finding someone’s belongings at a crime scene.
- 4. Evidence that can be traced back to a single, unique source, such as fingerprints, DNA, or specific wear patterns on shoes. Individual evidence provides a high level of certainty in identifying a particular person or object.
- 6. In an experiment or test, a positive control is a sample known to produce a positive result. It is used to ensure the test is functioning properly by providing a known standard for comparison.
- 7. specific reason or medical condition that directly results in an individual’s death, such as disease, injury, or other physical trauma. Determining the cause of death is a critical part of forensic analysis.
- 8. professional trained to analyze evidence and interpret results in criminal investigations. Forensic scientists apply scientific methods to help solve crimes by examining physical, chemical, and biological evidence.
- 12. A visible fingerprint made when fingers touch a surface after being in contact with a colored substance, such as blood, ink, or paint. Patent prints can often be seen without enhancement.
- 13. Segments of DNA that encode specific traits or functions. Genes are the basic units of heredity, passed from parents to offspring, and play a role in determining physical and biological characteristics.
- 16. A protein that cuts DNA at specific sequences, allowing scientists to isolate and manipulate DNA segments. Restriction enzymes are commonly used in genetic research and forensic DNA analysis.
- 18. An initial test that indicates the possible presence of a substance, often used in field testing. Presumptive tests are quick but not conclusive, meaning a confirmatory test is needed for verification.
- 19. detailed record that documents each piece of evidence collected at a crime scene. The log includes descriptions, collection details, and the chain of custody to ensure the integrity of the evidence throughout the investigation.
- 20. The innate aspects of an individual's personality, such as their typical mood, emotional reactivity, and behavioral tendencies. Temperament is generally considered stable over time and can influence how people respond to their environment and interact with others.