Across
- 4. A network of trade routes that crossed the Sahara desert during the period of 1200-1450.It connected West Africa with North Africa and the Mediterranean world, and it was an important source of wealth and cultural exchange for many societies.
- 9. A document that was signed in England in 1215, which is within the 1200-1450 timeframe. The document was signed by King John and a group of English barons, and it established the principle that everyone, including the king, was subject to the law.
- 12. During this period, temperatures in many parts of the world were significantly lower than average, leading to colder winters, shorter growing seasons, and other climatic changes.
- 13. An agricultural system that was used in Europe during the Middle Ages, including the 1200-1450 timeframe. The system involved dividing a field of land into three parts: one part was planted with a winter crop, such as wheat or rye, one part was planted with a spring crop, such as barley or oats, and one part was left fallow, or unplanted.
- 15. Hostility and discrimination against Jewish people, has a long history that predates the 1200-1450 timeframe.
- 16. A social and economic system that was used in Europe during the Middle Ages, including the 1200-1450 timeframe. The system was based on a hierarchy of relationships between lords and vassals.
- 18. A cultural and intellectual movement that emerged in Europe during the Renaissance, which began in the 14th century and continued into the 17th century.
- 19. A broad term that can refer to a leader or ruler of a tribe, clan, or community.
- 20. A class of people who were bound to the land in Europe during the Middle Ages, including the 1200-1450 timeframe. They were typically peasants who worked on the land owned by lords, and they were not allowed to leave the land without the lord's permission.
Down
- 1. A network of trade routes that transported slaves across the Indian Ocean during the period of 1200-1450. The trade was primarily based on the exchange of slaves from East Africa, particularly the Swahili Coast, for goods from the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia.
- 2. A people and a culture that emerged along the East African coast during the 1200-1450 period. The people were a mix of Bantu-speaking Africans and Arab and Persian traders, and they developed a unique culture that blended African, Islamic, and Arab influences. They were known for their seafaring skills and their expertise in trade, and they established a network of trading cities and ports along the East African coast.
- 3. A powerful city-state that emerged in southern Africa during the 11th century and reached its peak during the 13th and 14th centuries, which is within the 1200-1450 timeframe. The city was located in what is now modern-day Zimbabwe, and it was a center of trade, agriculture, and mining.
- 5. A powerful empire that emerged in West Africa during the 6th century and reached its peak during the 10th and 11th centuries, which is before the 1200-1450 timeframe. The empire was located in what is now modern-day Mauritania and Mali, and it was known for its wealth and power, which came from its control of the trans-Saharan trade routes.
- 6. An Italian merchant and explorer who lived in the 13th century. Polo is famous for his travels to China and other parts of Asia, which he documented in a book.
- 7. A political institution that emerged in England. It was initially created as a council of advisors to the king, but it gradually evolved into a representative body that had the power to make laws and levy taxes.
- 8. A a group of city-states that emerged in what is now northern Nigeria during the 14th century, which is within the 1200-1450 timeframe. They were known for their impressive architecture, including large walls and gates that surrounded the cities, as well as their skilled metalworking and textile production.
- 10. A split within the Christian Church that occurred during the period of 1200-1450. It began in 1054 and lasted until 1453. The split was caused by a number of factors, including theological differences, political rivalries, and cultural misunderstandings between the Eastern and Western Churches.
- 11. A social structure in which individuals are organized into groups based on family relationships and kinship ties.
- 14. A powerful state that emerged in West Africa during the 13th century, which is within the 1200-1450 timeframe. The empire was located in what is now modern-day Mali, and it was known for its wealth and power, which came from its control of the trans-Saharan trade routes.
- 17. A major uprising that took place in southern Iraq during the 9th century, which is outside the 1200-1450 time period. The rebellion was led by African slaves, known as Zanj, who were brought to Iraq to work on sugar plantations.