Across
- 3. an energy storage carbohydrate (polysaccharide) found in plants
- 5. a consumer that only eats producers (plants)
- 7. also called the Calvin Cycle; second stage of photosynthesis that does NOT require solar energy (energy stored in ATP and NADPH is used to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide)
- 13. a consumer that eats both producers (plants) and consumers (animals)
- 15. two-step process that follows glycolysis if oxygen is available, which takes place in the mitochondria of the cell
- 16. the most important biological molecule that supplies energy to the cell (the bond in ATP is broken and reformed as needed to power cellular processes)
- 19. acid the monomer of a protein
- 24. process that converts the chemical energy in nutrients to chemical energy stored in ATP
- 25. acid the monomer/component of a lipid
- 27. light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather/collect the sun’s energy
- 29. first stage of photosynthesis that requires solar energy (the solar energy is used to split water molecules and oxygen is released; ATP and NADPH-are produced)
- 33. stack of thylakoids
- 34. to alter or change the shape of a protein/enzyme and make it non-functional
- 36. the overall process by which solar energy (sunlight) is used to chemically convert water and carbon dioxide into chemical energy stored in simple sugars (such as glucose); occurs in the chloroplast
- 39. a protein that catalyzes and speeds up a biochemical reaction in living organisms (ex. Amylase)
- 41. second stage of aerobic respiration; series of chemical reactions ending with hydrogen combining with oxygen to form water (***most of the energy storing ATP molecules is formed during this part of the cycle***)
- 45. the organelle that is only in plant cells, contains chlorophyll which gives the plant its green color, where photosynthesis takes place
Down
- 1. microscopic pores on the underside of the leaf where CO¬2 enters and O2 and water vapor exit
- 2. a heterotroph that decomposes organic material and returns nutrients to the soil, water, and air (aka decomposer); obtains energy from detritus (nonliving organic matter)
- 4. first stage of aerobic respiration; the pyruvic acid formed in glycolysis travels to the mitochondria and is broken down in a cycle of chemical reactions, releasing carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP), and NADH and FADH¬2 (electron carriers)
- 6. a structural carbohydrate (polysaccharide) found in the cell wall of plants
- 8. 2nd trophic level; consists of organisms that eat green plants
- 9. occurs in muscle tissues when O2 is not available; pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to lactic acid and an ATP
- 10. occurs in yeasts and some bacteria; pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis is broken down to produce alcohol, carbon dioxide, and an ATP
- 11. a large group of atoms bonded together
- 12. the monomer of a carbohydrate
- 14. a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction (lowers the activation energy)
- 17. represents many interconnected food chains describing the various paths that energy takes through an ecosystem
- 18. process that follows glycolysis if no oxygen is available, which takes place in the cytoplasm (allows glycolysis to continue making ATP)
- 20. the monomer of nucleic acids
- 21. the process of using a hydrogen ion gradient to produce ATP
- 22. gel-filled space inside the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids; where Calvin Cycle (light independent reaction) occurs
- 23. macromolecule that is composed of amino acids and involved in almost all cell activities. (ex. Hemoglobin)
- 26. macromolecule composed of a glycerol head and fatty acid tail; used for long-term energy storage (ex. Fats)
- 28. 1st trophic level; an organism that produces its own food from the sun (aka autotrophs)
- 30. macromolecule that is composed of simple sugars and is a source of fuel for cell respiration. (ex. Glucose)
- 31. each level in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem
- 32. membranous sacs that contain chlorophyll; where the light dependent reactions take place
- 35. first stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm and does not need oxygen; a glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid molecules, a net gain of 2 ATP molecules, and 2 NADH (electron carrier)
- 37. an organism that obtains it energy from other organisms (cannot make its own food); aka consumers
- 38. a consumer that eats primary consumers (animals)
- 40. molecules that contain carbon
- 42. high energy electron carrier that will provide H+ ions and electrons to build glucose in the Calvin cycle
- 43. acids macromolecules that store and transport genetic information; composed of nucleotides (ex. DNA and RNA)
- 44. the simplest path that energy takes through an ecosystem