Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies

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Across
  1. 5. a slave gladiator who led 70 other slaves from a school for gladiators in a desperate bid for freedom, he fueled a major slave uprising against the Roman republic, creating a perpetual fear in the minds of slave owners
  2. 10. founder of the Qin dynasty, he launched a successful 10-year military campaign to reunify China and became the first emperor of a unified China, ruling from 221-210 BCE
  3. 11. a major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred from around 860-1130 CE among the peoples of a canyon in modern-day northwestern New Mexico; the society formed is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads
  4. 13. a Greek philosopher who lived from 384-322 BCE, he was the teacher of Alexander the Great, and, famous for his reflections on ethics, was perhaps the most complete expression of the Greek way of knowing as wrote or commented on practically everything
  5. 17. a Macedonian king who united the Greek empire and whose conquests from 333-323 BCE greatly expanded the Greek empire
  6. 20. a social institution that involved subjugating people by way of ownership by a master, the possibility of being sold, working without pay, and the status of an "outsider" at the bottom of the social hierarchy; such people did every single job in society except military service, and lacked normal rights as well as independent personal identity
  7. 21. a southern city that became the center of Nubian civilization as Egypt fell under foreign control, it's time as a kingdom lasted from 300 BCE to 100 CE; it was governed by an all-powerful, sacred (sometimes female) monarch and known for its prominent iron industry, it's wide variety of economic specialties, rainfall-based agriculture, its reputation for great riches, and its extensive trade network
  8. 22. a people as well as a culture and religious movement that was focused on a specific village in Peru and swept through highland and coastal Peru, becoming a model for culture across Peru and beyond as civilizations imitated their art and religious practices; it was also a widespread religious cult that traveled on the back of a trading network
  9. 23. a philosophical way of thinking that emerged in the 5th-4th centuries BCE based on the ideas of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle which emphasized a style of persistent questioning and the secular explanation of nature and human life
  10. 25. a series of inscriptions which provide a record of the activities and thinking of a famous Indian emperor, carved on pillars as well as boulders and cave walls throughout the Indian kingdom
  11. 27. a notion in Indian social practice that was applied to caste groups; high-caste people who came into contact with lower-caste people were in danger of being "polluted"
  12. 28. a civilization located on a fertile floodplain in West Africa that lasted from roughly 300 BCE to 900 CE, it was known for its decentralized political system, iron smithing industry, specialization/occupational castes, and its agriculture and commerce
  13. 29. the movement of peoples speaking dialects of a specific African language family into the African subcontinent that generated some 400 distinct but closely related languages as part of a larger language family, it was a slow movement of peoples, perhaps a few extended families at a time
  14. 31. the Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin, lasting from 206 BCE to 220 CE which retained the centralized features established previously but moderated the harshness of policies, replacing Legalism with moralistic Confucianism
  15. 32. a prince from a small north Indian state and the eventual founder of Buddhism, he lived from 566-486 BCE, and set out on a 6-year spiritual quest to achieve enlightenment
  16. 33. a Chinese humanistic philosophy based on the moral example of superiors as the key to restored social harmony which emphasized the cultivation of ren (human-heartedness, benevolence, goodness, nobility of heart) as an essential ingredient of a tranquil society
  17. 34. a Mesoamerican civilization located in the Yucatán Peninsula which was known for its mathematical system, astronomy, calendars, art, writing system, architecture, engineering, mythology, and decentralized political system
  18. 39. a religion that emerged in the 9th-6th centuries BCE in the eastern Mediterranean/Palestine/Israel; key beliefs are in a transcendent high god, in a covenant with the chosen people, and in social justice
  19. 40. an Athenian woman whose foreign birth gave her somewhat more freedom than most women in Athens, and her unofficial husband, who was Athens's leading political figure who took an interest in her and treated her as an equal partner despite Athens offering women little opportunity or achievement at that time
  20. 42. a Greek philosopher and founder of the Academy in Athens, he was famous for his design for a good society, which would be ruled by a class of highly educated "guardians" led by a "philosopher-king" who were the only ones fit to rule
  21. 44. the dependent class of Sparta who had been conquered and reduced to a status of permanent servitude, whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society
  22. 46. the first and largest of India's short experiments with a large-scale political system, this Indian kingdom lasted from 326-184 BCE, and encompassed all but the southern tip of the continent, with a population of 50 million, a large military force, a civilian bureaucracy, and a variety of industries
  23. 47. an Indian emperor who reigned from 268-232 BCE whose conversion to Buddhism and moralistic approach created the legacy of an enlightened ruler who sought to govern in accord with the religious values and moral teachings of Hinduism and Buddhism
  24. 48. the most important and largest city of pre-Aztec central Mexico, it was located to the north in the Valley of Mexico; it was the largest urban complex in the Americas at the time, and was physically impressive, with complex urban planning
  25. 49. a philosophy in China that urged withdrawal into the world of nature and encouraged spontaneous, individualistic, natural behavior; this philosophy was applied to people's personal lives and shaped the culture of ordinary people as it entered popular religion
Down
  1. 1. a hardheaded, practical philosophy whose thinkers believed the solution to China's problems lay in rules or laws, clearly spelled out and strictly enforced through a system of rewards and punishments
  2. 2. a period in Greek history which lasted from 323-30 BCE and involved the widespread dissemination of Greek culture as it penetrated Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India
  3. 3. a later female Chinese writer (45-116 CE) who penned a famous work called "Lessons for Women" and who helped in defining the lives of women, called for greater attention to education for girls, and spelled out the implication of Confucian thinking for women
  4. 4. a high court official of the Han dynasty, he usurped the emperor's throne and launched a series of startling reforms, including nationalized private estates, government loans to peasants, limited amounts of land families could have, and an end to private slavery
  5. 6. a system of government that was party of the "Greek experiment" in one of the Greek city-states and was distinctly limited in that it excluded women, slaves, and foreigners from politics
  6. 7. a young Jewish peasant/carpenter in the remote province of Judaea in the Roman Empire, he began a brief 3-year career of teaching and miracle-working before he got in trouble with the local authorities and was executed; the teachings of this man became the basis for the religion of Christianity
  7. 8. a social class in China that was made up of wealthy, landowning families who occupied large estates and whose children became state officials; benefited from two sources of privilege - wealth generated by estates, and the power and prestige that accompanied their education/membership in the official elite
  8. 9. a massive peasant uprising that occurred in 184 CE during the Han dynasty, as the culmination of a movement which had swelled to about 360,000 armed followers by that time, in which peasants joined together as regional floods and resulting epidemics compounded the misery of landlessness and poverty to look forward to the "Great Peace"
  9. 12. a religion that emerged in the 7th century BCE in Persia (present-day Iran); key beliefs are in a single high god and in the cosmic conflict between good and evil
  10. 14. a civilization which lasted from around 100 to 800 BCE, it was one of a number of regional civilizations that replaced a pan-Andean religious cult from Peru; it was known for its irrigation system, human sacrifice, the immense wealth of its warrior-priest elite, exquisite artistry, and architecture
  11. 15. an early convert to Christianity who lived from 10-65 CE, his missionary journeys in the eastern Roman Empire led to the founding of small Christian communities that included non-Jews; he argued that the Christian message was for everyone and non-Jews did not need to follow Jewish laws and rituals
  12. 16. the era of Rome's greatest extent and authority, during which the empire in disguise provided security, grandeur, and relative prosperity for the Mediterranean world
  13. 18. a series of conflicts between two Eurasian empires that lasted from 490-479 BCE, one of which was small and divided and the other of which was the world's largest empire at the time
  14. 19. two different versions of Buddhism; the early version portrayed the Buddha as a wise teacher and model but not as divine and was a set of practices without much influence from the gods; the later, modified version proclaimed that help was available for the strenuous voyage to enlightenment
  15. 21. peoples of the Mississippi River Valley in North America who created societies distinguished by arrays of large earthen mounds; the dominant center flourished in the eastern woodlands from around 900 to 1250 CE and was a stratified society with cLear elite and rulers able to mobilize the labor required to build such enormous structures
  16. 24. an idea in China that emphasized a woman's subordination first to her father, then to her husband, and finally to her son; it summarized the ideal position of women in the eyes of elite male writers
  17. 26. two systems of hierarchy in India that blended to create its unique caste-based society; one was a system of four ranked classes that "forever" divided society based on hereditary traits and actions, while the other was a system of ranking people based on specialized occupation
  18. 30. considered the first Roman emperor, he reigned from 27 BCE to 14 CE, and during his rule tried to maintain the forms of the republic despite assuming the role of emperor
  19. 35. collections of Indian poems, hymns, prayers and rituals compiled by priests (Brahmins), they spoke of classical Indian civilization in its formative centuries, and were transmitted orally for centuries but were eventually reduced to writing in Sanskrit
  20. 36. an Athenian philosopher who lived from 469-399 BCE and taught through a constant questioning of the assumptions and logic of his students' thinking, and whose behavior in public bright him into conflict with city authorities, who sentenced him to death for corrupting the youth of Athens
  21. 37. a much-beloved Hindu scripture written in Sanskrit that tells the story of the troubled warrior-hero Arjuna who is in anguish over the necessity of killing his kinsmen as a decisive battle approaches, and is assured by Lord Krishna that it is an act of devotion that would release him from the rebirth cycle
  22. 38. the largest and most impressive of the world's empires in 500 BCE, ruled by an Indo-European people whose homeland lay on the Iranian plateau; under monarchs Cyrus and Darius, conquests created an incredibly diverse state which encompassed many different peoples
  23. 41. a state which took over a neighboring kingdom in 340s CE, it was located in the Horn of Africa (present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia) and was known for its plow-based farming system, participation in Red Sea and Indian Ocean commerce, stone obelisks, Christianity, and its imperial expansion campaign
  24. 43. a former high-ranking concubine in the imperial court who came to power amid much palace intrigue, she was the only woman ever to rule China as emperor, reigning from 690-705 CE
  25. 45. a body of sacred Indian texts developed due to dissatisfaction with the actions of the Brahmins, they were composed by anonymous thinkers and were mystical and highly philosophical works that sought to probe the inner meaning of the sacrifices prescribed in other Indian texts