Unit 2 Study Guide: Enlightenment to Napoleon

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Across
  1. 1. A French lawyer and early leader in the French Revolution, who rose to power when he was in charge of the Committee of Public Safety; he is most associated with the Reign of Terror
  2. 3. The executions of thousands of prisoners because of rumors that they were political prisoners seeking to overthrow the city of Paris when the armies were off fighting in the war.
  3. 6. The changes that Napoleon made within France that improved their tax, legal, and education system, and restored the Catholic Church
  4. 8. The Third Estate, after declaring itself the National Assembly, was locked out of the Estates-General and met inside a Tennis Court where they agreed to not leave until a new constitution was made.
  5. 10. A French philosopher that defended the right to freedom of speech and religion, and said they were instrumental in fighting oppression by a government.
  6. 11. The "Old Rule" in French society definied by an absolute monarchy, and characterized by feudalism and a hierarchical society made up of 3 estates: The nobles, the clergy, and the commoners.
  7. 14. The statement by a commander of the German armies of Austria and Prussia that if France harmed the royal family, they would completely destroy the city of Paris
  8. 15. An English philosopher that argued humans were naturally evil, and that without rules humans would descend into chaos
  9. 17. Declared in 1792, this was the instant when France became a representative democracy
  10. 19. The legal changes that reinforced the ideals of the Enlightenment and French Revolution; it maintained equality of all citizens before the law, but was a setback for womens' rights
  11. 20. The war between the French, and the Spanish and Portuguese. It was caused by the refusal of the Portuguese to abide by the Continental System and their trading with Britain. It caused much destruction and death within Spain & indirectly led to the independence of many Latin American countries from the Spanish Empire
  12. 24. An Italian philosopher that argued for the rights of the accused, and against the overuse of the death penalty and torture.
  13. 29. The early part of the French Revolution, before the Reign of Terror, where the French commoners rose up and abolished the Ancien Regime in French society.
  14. 32. Paper money issued during the French Revolution, whose value was backed up with the lands taken from the Catholic Church in France. Its value steadily declined over time
  15. 33. The palace in Paris that King Louis XVI was forced to move to after the MarchonVersailles to be closer to the French people
  16. 34. The relationship between a government and its citizens. The government protects its citizens' natural rights, and citizens must give their government power to do so.
  17. 38. In late 1789, a huge mob of angry women protested the rising cost of bread. The protest forced the move of King Louis XVI to Paris to be closer to the people.
  18. 39. The last king of France prior to the French Revolution; a relatively weak and unpopular leader for the country
  19. 40. A French philosopher that argued for the separation of powers in government, and proposed the idea of a three-branched government with checks and balances
  20. 41. The first written constitution of France that declared France to be a constitutional monarchy, instead of an absolute monarchy like in the Ancien Regime.
  21. 42. A system of checks and balances so not all power lays within one part of the government
  22. 43. The naval battle between France and Britain in 1805 that led to the destruction of many French ships; it was a primary reason that Napoleon was unable to invade the island of Great Britain
  23. 45. The general that rose to power through his victories during the War of the 1st Coalition, and ended the French Revolution when he declared himself to be Emperor of France
  24. 46. A princess from Austria that was executed along with her husband, Louis XVI, during the French Revolution after getting rid of the monarchy.
  25. 47. The rights that humans are born with, as argued by John Locke. He states that they are: life, liberty, and property.
  26. 48. An English philosopher that argued humans were born with natural rights, and that there existed a social contract between citizens and their government - which if not upheld, would justify the overthrow of that government
  27. 49. A type of government with a monarch in charge (King or Queen) that shares power with a legislature, with representatives of the people. The monarch has shared/limited power with the people.
  28. 50. A document declaring independence from Britain for the United States, justified by the ideas of the Enlightenment - and of John Locke in particular.
  29. 51. The ability to be able to freely speak ones' mind, whether outloud or in writing.
  30. 52. The unsuccessful attempt by King Louis XVI and the royal family to escape Paris and the French Revolution
Down
  1. 2. The formal start of the French Revolution; it was when a medieval fortress was stormed after a French financial advisor was fired and the government was hiding gunpowder here.
  2. 4. This event led to the end of monarchy in France after protestors invaded the royal palace in Paris upon discovering the King's support for the Brunswick Manifesto
  3. 5. A type of government with a monarch in charge (King or Queen) that has total control and power. Their word is law.
  4. 7. After Napoleon's final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he was forced into exile deep into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa to this island
  5. 9. The assembly of representatives from the Third Estate, made up of French commoners. After being rejected and underrepresented in the Estates-General, the commoners formed their own assembly and called themselves this
  6. 12. This document is a key statement of the French Revolution that enshrined the rights envisioned by the Enlightenment thinkers, however it only extended to men at the time.
  7. 13. The attack on Russia caused by Russian Czar Alexander's refusal to abide by the Continental System; it led to the downfall of Napoleon when his army of 600,000 was mostly destroyed via weather, disease, and starvation
  8. 16. The last significant defeat of the French army under Napoleon, when he failed to defeat the British Army upon his return from his exile on the island of Elba. This led to his final exile to the island of St. Helena
  9. 18. The war between France and most major powers in Europe that was started after France declared war on Austria and Prussia due to their Declaration of Pillnitz. Other countries fought to contain the French Revolution and bring back the Ancien Regime
  10. 21. This was utilized by Napoleon to influence the public's opinion of him; it generally included paintings that emphasized his bravery, glory, and leadership on the battlefield
  11. 22. This series of fighting was done under the direction of Napoleon and was carried out to stop the trade between Britain and in India. It contributed to Napoleon's glory and led to important discoveries about Ancient Egypt
  12. 23. Responsible for the coup d'etat (military takeover) of the French government, it was a small group of military leaders of whom Napoleon declared himself to be first among them
  13. 25. Napoleon's plan to blockade Britain and required the continent of Europe to stop all trade with them; it was meant to strangle their economy since Napoleon lacked the naval vessels necessary to invade their island
  14. 26. The assembly called together for the first time in centuries in 1789 by King Louis XVI to address the financial crisis in France.
  15. 27. The meeting called together to form a new constitution for France after the monarchy was ended, and the 1791 Constituion would no longer be able to be used.
  16. 28. The statement made by the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia that they would declare war on France to stop the French Revolution, but only if the other major powers in Europe joined them
  17. 30. Upon Napoleon's loss at the Battle of Leipzig after the failed Invasion of Russia, this event was when he was forced to give up his throne and go into exile on the small Mediterranean island of Elba
  18. 31. The political body towards the end of the French Revolution that rose to dictatorial power, led by Maximilien de Robespierre, and was responsible for thousands of executions and mass paranoia within France
  19. 35. A period in the French Revolution around 1793 - 1794 where the Committee of Public Safety arrested and executed thousands of civilians that were suspected of being against the French Revolution
  20. 36. A political group in the National Convention made up of radical Sans-Culottes, mostly the working class citizens from within Paris
  21. 37. In the late summer of 1789, this event happened becomes of rumors that the nobles were planning on starving the people of France. This led to paranoia and the burning of their homes and deeds to their land.
  22. 44. A political group in the National Convention made up of moderates from outside the city of Paris; they were pro-war and supported the War of the 1st Coalition