Across
- 2. Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols.
- 5. Introduced to North Africa and the Sahara in the early centuries of the Common Era, this animal made trans-Saharan commerce possible by 300 to 400 c.e.
- 7. Grandson of Chinggis Khan who ruled China from 1271 to 1294.
- 9. The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 c.e. Centered on India, it stretched from southern China to eastern Africa.
- 10. nomadic or semi-nomadic groups of people that travel with large herds of domesticated animals
- 11. Birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227), or "universal ruler," a name he acquired after unifying the Mongols.
- 13. An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 c.e. by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun.
- 15. A massive pandemic that swept through Eurasia in the early fourteenth century, spreading along the trade routes within and beyond the Mongol Empire and reaching the Middle East and Western Europe by 1347. Associated with a massive loss of life.
- 16. Mongol dynasty initiated by Khubilai Khan that ruled China from 1271 to 1368.
Down
- 1. A fairly small-scale commerce in enslaved people that flourished especially from 1100 to 1400, exporting West African slaves across the Sahara for sale in Islamic North Africa.
- 3. Major Turkic empire established in Persia in the early sixteenth century and notable for its efforts to convert its people to Shia Islam.
- 4. Great Chinese admiral who commanded a huge fleet of ships in a series of voyages in the Indian Ocean that began in 1405. Intended to enroll distant peoples and states in the Chinese tribute system, those voyages ended abruptly in 1433 and led to no lasting Chinese imperial presence in the region.
- 6. The Russian name for the incorporation of Russia into the Mongol Empire in the mid-thirteenth century; known to Mongols as the Kipchak Khanate.
- 8. Term used to describe half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building pursued by Chinggis Khan and his successors in Eurasia after 1209.
- 12. A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan trade, which linked interior West Africa to the Mediterranean and North African world.
- 14. Land-based trade routes that linked many regions of Eurasia. They were named after the most famous product traded along these routes.