Across
- 3. Fe Trail: Historic trade route between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico, used extensively in the 19th century.
- 4. Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross and known as the "Angel of the Battlefield" for her work during the Civil War.
- 5. Southern states that seceded from the Union and fought against the Union during the Civil War.
- 9. of Bull Run: First major battle of the Civil War, fought in Virginia in 1861.
- 11. Party: Political party in the United States during the mid-19th century, primarily focused on nativist and anti-immigrant sentiments.
- 13. Formal withdrawal of a state from a union or federation.
- 15. Smith: Founder of the Latter-day Saint movement (Mormonism).
- 16. Doctrine: Position taken by Stephen A. Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates, asserting that slavery could be excluded from territories of the United States by local legislation.
- 17. War: Conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848, resulting in the annexation of vast territories by the U.S., including California and New Mexico.
- 18. Douglass: African American abolitionist, writer, and orator who escaped from slavery and became a leading voice in the abolitionist movement.
- 19. Revolution: Conflict between Texas settlers and the Mexican government resulting in Texas gaining independence from Mexico and becoming the Republic of Texas.
- 20. Scott: African American slave who sued for his freedom in the famous Dred Scott v. Sandford case, which ultimately ruled against him and contributed to tensions leading up to the Civil War.
- 22. Refers to the period before the American Civil War (1861-1865).
- 25. Civil War battle fought in Maryland in 1862, the bloodiest single-day battle in American history.
- 27. Mann: Education reformer known for his efforts to improve public education in America, including the establishment of teacher training schools and compulsory attendance laws.
- 28. Policy of favoring native-born or established inhabitants over immigrants.
- 30. A. Douglas: American politician known for his role in the Kansas-Nebraska Act and his debates with Abraham Lincoln.
- 32. Proviso: Proposal to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico during the Mexican-American War.
- 33. The movement to end slavery, particularly in the United States during the 19th century.
- 36. Republicans: Faction of the Republican Party during Reconstruction advocating for more aggressive policies toward the South and greater rights for freedmen.
- 41. Brown: Abolitionist who led the raid on Harpers Ferry, an attempt to start a slave rebellion.
- 43. Revolution: Economic transformation in the United States during the early 19th century, characterized by the emergence of a capitalist economy, increased industrialization, and improvements in transportation and communication.
- 46. Farming: Agricultural system in which farmers rent land from landowners and pay rent either in cash or in shares of their crops.
- 47. of Domesticity: Social and cultural belief system that idealized women as guardians of the home and family, emphasizing domesticity, piety, and submission to husbands.
- 49. Slave Act: Law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1850 to allow for the capture and return of escaped slaves.
- 50. Ferry: Location of John Brown's raid on a federal arsenal in Virginia, aimed at starting a slave rebellion.
- 52. Plan: Union strategy during the Civil War to blockade Confederate ports and control the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy in two.
- 54. Proclamation: Executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, declaring slaves in Confederate-held territory to be free.
- 56. Codes: Laws passed by Southern states during Reconstruction to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans.
- 59. Act: Legislation that allowed settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery, leading to violent conflicts.
- 61. Davis: President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.
- 62. To bring charges against a public official for misconduct in office.
- 65. Dix: Activist who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill and for the establishment of mental asylums in the United States.
- 66. Turner’s Rebellion: Slave rebellion led by Nat Turner in Virginia in 1831, resulting in widespread fear and harsher slave laws.
- 67. Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and advocated for peace with the Confederacy.
- 68. Agricultural system in which landless farmers (often former slaves) worked on land owned by others in exchange for a share of the crops produced.
Down
- 1. of 1877: Informal agreement that resolved the disputed 1876 presidential election, leading to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the end of Reconstruction.
- 2. Falls Convention: The first women's rights convention held in the United States, which took place in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848.
- 6. Period following the Civil War aimed at rebuilding the South and integrating newly freed slaves into society.
- 7. Movements of the 1800s: Social and political movements aimed at improving various aspects of society during the 19th century.
- 8. Purchase: Acquisition of a strip of land (present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico) from Mexico by the United States in 1853.
- 10. Amendment: Constitutional amendment ratified in 1865, abolishing slavery in the United States.
- 12. Amendment: Constitutional amendment ratified in 1868, granting citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
- 14. Reconstruction Plan: Reconstruction plan implemented by Congress after the Civil War, which aimed to enforce civil rights for freedmen and place Southern states under military rule until they ratified the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
- 21. of 1850: Series of legislative measures aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War.
- 23. and Merrimack: Ironclad warships that fought in the first battle between ironclad vessels during the Civil War.
- 24. Reconstruction Plan: Andrew Johnson's plan for Reconstruction, which was lenient towards the South and lacked protections for freedmen.
- 26. Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War, often for political or economic gain.
- 29. Truth: African American abolitionist and women's rights activist known for her speeches advocating for the abolition of slavery and women's rights.
- 31. Corpus: Legal principle that protects individuals from arbitrary detention, suspended by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.
- 34. Trail: Historic route used by American pioneers during the mid-19th century to migrate to the Pacific Northwest.
- 35. Lloyd Garrison: Prominent abolitionist who founded the newspaper "The Liberator" and advocated for the immediate emancipation of slaves.
- 37. Amendment: Constitutional amendment ratified in 1870, granting voting rights to African American men.
- 38. (extremist organization): Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist hate group founded in the United States after the Civil War, known for its violence and terrorism against African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and other minority groups.
- 39. Sovereignty: Political doctrine that the people of a territory should decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery.
- 40. Movement: Social movement advocating for moderation or total abstinence from alcoholic beverages.
- 42. Tubman: African American abolitionist and conductor of the Underground Railroad, leading slaves to freedom.
- 44. Party: Political party founded in the 1850s, initially opposed to the expansion of slavery and later became the party of Abraham Lincoln and the Union during the Civil War.
- 45. Revels: The first African American to serve in the United States Senate, representing Mississippi during the Reconstruction era.
- 48. Destiny: Belief in the 19th-century American doctrine that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent.
- 51. Term used to describe Southern whites who supported the Republican Party and Reconstruction efforts during the post-Civil War era.
- 52. To incorporate a territory into an existing political entity, such as a country.
- 53. Lincoln: 16th President of the United States, known for his leadership during the Civil War and his efforts to abolish slavery.
- 55. Party: Political party dedicated to preventing the expansion of slavery into the western territories.
- 57. Beecher Stowe: Author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," a novel that depicted the harsh realities of slavery and helped fuel the abolitionist cause.
- 58. Bureau: Federal agency established during Reconstruction to provide assistance to former slaves and poor whites.
- 60. Rush: Period of mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848, leading to rapid population growth and economic development.
- 63. Rule: The ability of a locality to govern itself within its own legislative framework.
- 64. Reconstruction Plan: Abraham Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction, which offered amnesty to Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and supported